Prevention of the degraded-contingency effect by signalling training trials

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (2b) ◽  
pp. 97-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Gunther ◽  
Ralph R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Excitatory Conditioning ◽  
Retrospective Revaluation ◽  
Target Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Effect ◽  
Conditioned Responding ◽  
Effect Experiment ◽  
Contingency Effect

Presentation of unsignalled unconditioned stimuli (USs) interspersed among Pavlovian excitatory conditioning trials weakens conditioned responding to a target conditioned stimulus (CS; Rescorla, 1968). However, signalling these intertrial USs with another cue (a cover stimulus) has been shown to alleviate this degraded-contingency effect (e.g. Durlach, 1982, 1983). In contrast to signalling the inter-trial USs, the present experiments examined the effect on the degraded-contingency effect of signalling the target CS-US pairings. Experiment 1, using parameters selected to avoid overshadowing, found that consistently presenting a cover stimulus immediately prior to the target CS-US pairings during degraded-contingency training alleviated the degraded-contingency effect. Experiment 2 examined the underlying mechanism responsible for this cover-stimulus effect through posttraining associative inflation of the cover stimulus or the context, and found that inflation of the cover stimulus attenuated responding to the target CS (i.e. empirical retrospective revaluation). The results are discussed in terms of various acquisition- and expression-focused models of acquired responding.

Mind–Body Dissonance: A Catalyst to Creativity

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Huang
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Total N ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Power Role ◽  
Positive Functions ◽  
Effect Experiment

Mind–body dissonance (MBD) is the psychological experience of one’s bodily expressions contradicting one’s mental states. Across four experiments (total N = 887), the current research proposes and demonstrates that MBD can enhance creativity by facilitating an atypicality mind-set. First, two different instantiations of MBD (i.e., assuming a high-power/low-power role while adopting a constricted/expansive posture, or recalling a happy/sad memory while frowning/smiling) increased performance on creative association, insight, and generation tasks (Experiments 1 and 2). A third study showed that an atypicality mind-set was an underlying mechanism for the creativity effect (Experiment 3). Finally, the frequency of past MBD experiences was found to reduce MBD’s creativity effect (Experiment 4). The present research offers evidence for the positive functions of bodily expressions that contradict mental states and highlights the significance of understanding the interactive effects of psychological states and their physical analogues in studying creativity.

Differential Acquisition, Extinction, and Reinstatement of Conditioned Suppression in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trinette Dirikx ◽  
Tom Beckers ◽  
Clara Muyls ◽  
Paul Eelen ◽  
Debora Vansteenwegen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Suppression ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Selective Suppression ◽  
Differential Acquisition ◽  
Group A ◽  
Conditioned Responding

In animals, the reappearance of conditioned fear responses after extinction has been primarily investigated using single-cue conditioning paradigms. However, a differential paradigm can overcome several of the disadvantages associated with a single-cue procedure. In the present study, the reinstatement phenomenon was assessed in mice using a differential conditioned suppression paradigm. In a first phase, one conditioned stimulus (CS +) was consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US; footshock) while another CS (CS–) was not, resulting in selective suppression of previously trained instrumental behaviour during the CS +. After the extinction phase, half of the animals (reinstatement group) were presented with unsignalled USs, while the other half were not (control group). A differential return of conditioned responding was observed in the reinstatement group, but not in the control group. The implications of these findings for future conditioning research are discussed.

scholarly journals The probability of reinforcement per trial affects post-trial responding and subsequent extinction, but not within-trial responding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Harris ◽  
Dorothy Kwok
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Trial Probability ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
Conditioned Responding

During magazine approach conditioning, rats do not discriminate between a conditioned stimulus (CS) that is consistently reinforced with food and a CS that is occasionally (partially) reinforced, as long as the CSs have the same overall reinforcement rate per second. This implies that rats are indifferent to the probability of reinforcement per trial. However, in the same rats, the per-trial reinforcement rate will affect subsequent extinction—responding extinguishes more rapidly for a CS that was consistently reinforced than for a partially reinforced CS. Here, we trained rats with consistently and partially reinforced CSs that were matched for overall reinforcement rate per second. We measured conditioned responding both during and immediately after the CSs. Differences in the per-trial probability of reinforcement did not affect the acquisition of responding during the CS, but did affect subsequent extinction of that responding, and also affected the post-CS response rates during conditioning. Indeed, CSs with the same probability of reinforcement per trial evoked the same amount of post-CS responding even when they differed in overall reinforcement rate and thus evoked different amounts of responding during the CS. We conclude that reinforcement rate per second controls rats’ acquisition of responding during the CS, but at the same time rats also learn specifically about the probability of reinforcement per trial. The latter learning affects the rats’ expectation of reinforcement as an outcome of the trial, which influences their ability to detect retrospectively that an opportunity for reinforcement was missed, and in turn drives extinction.

The Potentiation Effect during Serial Conditioning

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (3b) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Pearce ◽  
D. J. Nicholas ◽  
Anthony Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Trace Interval ◽  
Target Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Potentiation Effect ◽  
The Us

The development of suppression in rats to a target conditioned stimulus (CS) was compared in trace and serial conditioning procedures. The interval between the end of the target CS and the shock unconditioned stimulus (US) was filled by a second CS in the serial, but not the trace, procedure. In five experiments the serial procedure produced superior conditioning. This potentiation effect, however, depended critically upon the level of conditioning to the stimulus interpolated between the target CS and the US. When conditioning to the interpolated CS was either reduced by giving independent nonreinforced trials with this CS alone or enhanced by independent reinforced trials, the potentiation effect was abolished. In addition, the insertion of a trace interval between the target and interpolated CSs reduced the effect. However, the magnitude of conditioning to the target CS was unaffected by post-conditioning changes in the conditioned strength of the interpolated CS. These findings are discussed in terms of the contribution of both the association between the CSs themselves, which is inherent in the serial procedure, and that between the target CS and the US.

scholarly journals The Role of Context Conditioning in the Reinstatement of Responding to an Alcohol-Predictive Conditioned Stimulus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandy Rita LeCocq ◽  
Sophie Sun ◽  
Nadia Chaudhri
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Context Conditioning ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Exposure Session ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exposure Sessions ◽  
Conditioned Responding

Re-exposure to an unconditioned stimulus (US) can reinstate extinguished conditioned responding elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS). We tested the hypothesis that the reinstatement of responding to an appetitive CS is driven by an excitatory association formed between the US and the context that the US was ingested in during US re-exposure. Male, Long-Evans rats were acclimated to drinking alcohol (15%, v/v) in the home-cage, then trained to associate an auditory CS with an alcohol-US that was delivered into a fluid port for oral intake. During subsequent extinction sessions, the CS was presented as before, but without alcohol. After extinction, rats were re-exposed to alcohol as in training, but without the CS (US re-exposure). 24 h later at test, the CS was presented as in training, but without alcohol. First, we tested the effect of extinguishing the context-alcohol association, formed during alcohol re-exposure, on reinstatement. Conducting four context extinction sessions across four days (spaced extinction) after the US re-exposure session did not impact reinstatement. However, four context extinction sessions conducted across two days (massed extinction) prevented reinstatement. Next, we conducted alcohol re-exposure in a context that either differed from, or was the same as, the test context. One alcohol re-exposure session in a different context did not affect reinstatement, however, three alcohol re-exposure sessions in a different context significantly reduced reinstatement during the first CS trial. These results partially support the view that a context-US association formed during US re-exposure drives the reinstatement of responding to an appetitive, alcohol-predictive CS.

Factors Influencing Electrophysiologic Responsivity in Normal Adults

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-347
Author(s):  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin RosenblÜt
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
White Light ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Electrodermal Responses ◽  
Normal Adults

Electrodermal and electroencephalic responsivity to sound and to light was studied in 96 normal-hearing adults in three separate sessions. The subjects were subdivided into equal groups of white men, white women, colored men, and colored women. A 1 000 cps pure tone was the conditioned stimulus in two sessions and white light was used in a third session. Heat was the unconditioned stimulus in all sessions. Previously, an inverse relation had been found in white men between the prominence of alpha rhythm in the EEG and the ease with which electrodermal responses could be elicited. This relation did not hold true for white women. The main purpose of the present study was to answer the following questions: (1) are the previous findings on white subjects applicable to colored subjects? (2) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive electrophysiologically on one day equally responsive (or unresponsive) on another day? and (3) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive to sound equally responsive (or unresponsive) to light? In general, each question was answered affirmatively. Other factors influencing responsivity were also studied.

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