Differential Acquisition, Extinction, and Reinstatement of Conditioned Suppression in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trinette Dirikx ◽  
Tom Beckers ◽  
Clara Muyls ◽  
Paul Eelen ◽  
Debora Vansteenwegen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Suppression ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Selective Suppression ◽  
Differential Acquisition ◽  
Group A ◽  
Conditioned Responding

In animals, the reappearance of conditioned fear responses after extinction has been primarily investigated using single-cue conditioning paradigms. However, a differential paradigm can overcome several of the disadvantages associated with a single-cue procedure. In the present study, the reinstatement phenomenon was assessed in mice using a differential conditioned suppression paradigm. In a first phase, one conditioned stimulus (CS +) was consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US; footshock) while another CS (CS–) was not, resulting in selective suppression of previously trained instrumental behaviour during the CS +. After the extinction phase, half of the animals (reinstatement group) were presented with unsignalled USs, while the other half were not (control group). A differential return of conditioned responding was observed in the reinstatement group, but not in the control group. The implications of these findings for future conditioning research are discussed.

Locus of the Effect of a Surprising Reinforcer in the Attenuation of Blocking

1977 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Mackintosh ◽  
D. J. Bygrave ◽  
B. M. B. Picton
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Suppression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compound Trial ◽  
Redundant Stimulus ◽  
Compound Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Effective Reinforcer

Previous experiments on conditioned suppression in rats have shown that prior conditioning to one element of a compound conditioned stimulus paired with shock may block or prevent conditioning to the other element. Reliable conditioning may, however, occur to the added element (blocking may be attenuated), if a surprising second shock is added shortly after each compound trial. Experiment I confirmed this finding, and further showed that blocking was attenuated only when the second shock occurred 10 s after the compound trial, not when it occurred 100 s later. Experiment II showed that the surprising omission of an expected second shock 10 s after each compound trial would also attenuate blocking, thus implying that the surprising event does not itself act to reinforce conditioning to the added element, but rather permits the unconditioned stimulus (the first shock) to play its normal role as an effective reinforcer. This conclusion was confirmed by Experiment III, which showed that a surprising second shock does not produce any increase in conditioning to the added element on the trial on which it occurs; rather it serves to ensure adequate conditioning to that element on a subsequent compound trial. The implication is that the surprising event acts proactively to prevent subjects learning to ignore an otherwise redundant stimulus.

Unpredictability and Context Conditioning: Does the Nature of the US Matter?

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Meulders ◽  
Yannick Boddez ◽  
Debora Vansteenwegen ◽  
Frank Baeyens
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Suppression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Context Conditioning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Paired Condition

AbstractUsing a conditioned suppression task, we examined the minimal conditions to establish context conditioning as induced by unpredictability of an unconditioned stimulus (US). We investigated whether a biologically significant US is necessary to produce such context conditioning effects. In this between-subjects experiment, we manipulated the nature of the US and US-unpredictability. In the Paired condition, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was always followed by the US, whereas in the Unpaired condition, the CS and the US were presented explicitly unpaired, that is, the CS was never followed by the US. Half of the participants received an aversive, biologically significant human scream, and the other half received a more neutral, biologically non-significant sound as US. Results show more contextual suppression in the Unpaired condition than in the Paired condition. We conclude that in an expectancy-based conditioning task, US-unpredictability, but not a biologically potent US, is crucial to establish context conditioning.

scholarly journals Effect of Photofunctionalization with 6 W or 85 W UVC on the Degree of Wettability of RBM Titanium in Relation to the Irradiation Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5427
Author(s):  
Arturo Sanchez-Perez ◽  
Nuria Cano-Millá ◽  
María José Moya Villaescusa ◽  
José María Montoya Carralero ◽  
Carlos Navarro Cuellar
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydrophilic Surface ◽  
Biological Ageing ◽  
Ultraviolet C ◽  
Group A

Photoactivation with ultraviolet C light can reverse the effects derived from biological ageing by restoring a hydrophilic surface. Ten titanium discs were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a 6 W group, and an 85 W group. A drop of double-distilled, deionized, and sterile 10 µL water was applied to each of the discs. Each disc was immediately photographed in a standardized and perpendicular manner. Measurements were taken based on the irradiation time (15, 30, 60, and 120 min). UVC irradiation improved the control values in both groups. There was no difference in its effect between the 6 W group and the other groups during the first 30 min. However, after 60 min and up to 120 min, 85 W had a significantly stronger effect. The contact angles with the 85 W ultraviolet light source at 60 and 120 min were 19.43° and 31.41°, respectively, whereas the contact angles for the 6 W UVC source were 73.8° and 61.45°. Power proved to be the most important factor, and the best hydrophilicity result was obtained with a power of 85 W for 60 min at a wavelength of 254 nm.

Effects of Vanadium Inhalation and Sweetened Beverage Ingestion in Mice: Morphological and Biochemical Changes in the Liver

2021 ◽  
pp. 109158182110308
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Cervantes-Valencia ◽  
Adriana González-Villalva ◽  
Gumaro Cano-Gutiérrez ◽  
Juan Carlos Albarrán-Alonso ◽  
Teresa Imelda Fortoul
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group A

The aim of this report was to evaluate the morphological and biochemical changes in the liver by the inhalation of vanadium and consumption of sweetened beverages in a subchronic murine model. Forty CD-1 male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, vanadium (V), sucrose 30% (S), and vanadium–sucrose (V + S). V was inhaled (1.4 mg/m3) for 1h, twice/week; 30% sucrose solution was given orally ad libitum. Blood samples were obtained for AST, ALT, and LDH determination. Liver samples were processed for histological and oxidative stress immunohistochemical evaluation with 4-hydroxynonenal at weeks 4 and 8 of exposure. Regarding liver function tests, a statistically significant increase ( P < 0.05) was observed in groups V, S, and V + S at weeks 4 and 8 compared to the control group. A greater number of hepatocytes with meganuclei and binuclei were observed in V and V + S at week 8 compared to the other groups. Steatosis and regenerative changes were more extensive in the eighth week V + S group. 4-Hydroxynonenal immunoreactivity increased in the V + S group at both exposure times compared to the other groups; however, the increment was more evident in the V + S group at week 4 compared to the V + S group at week 8. An increase in De Ritis ratio (>1) was noticed in experimental groups at weeks 4 and 8. Findings demonstrate that in the liver, V, S, and V + S induced oxidative stress and regenerative changes that increased with the length of exposure. Results support possible potentiation of liver damage in areas with high air pollution and high-sweetened beverage consumption.

scholarly journals Daily Intake of Probiotics with High IFN-γ/IL-10 Ratio Increases the Cytotoxicity of Human Natural Killer Cells: A Personalized Probiotic Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsuan Ho ◽  
Yu-Chiu Lu ◽  
Hung-Cheng Chang ◽  
Shin-Yi Lee ◽  
Min-Fen Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nk Activity ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Human Natural Killer Cells ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Nk Cytotoxicity ◽  
And Control

A personalized probiotic microfluidic chip system has been established and used to screen the probiotics which had the highest value of IFN-γ/IL-10 or IL-10/IFN-γamong six probiotics, includingL. paracaseiBRAP01,L. acidophilusAD300,B. longumBA100,E. faeciumBR0085,L. rhamnosusAD500, andL. reuteriBR101. One hundred volunteers were included and their PBMCs were collected and stimulated by the six probiotics. People who belonged to the IFN-γgroup took the probiotics that exerted the highest ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 and vice versa in IL-10 group. A significant increase in NK cytotoxicity of 69 volunteers in the IFN-γgroup was observed compared to the IL-10 group (n=21) and control group (n=10). The result also showed thatL. paracaseiBRAP01 andL. acidophilusAD300 were the two dominant inducers in IFN-γgroup which yielded higher value of IFN-γ/IL-10 than the other 4 probiotics, whileL. reuteriBR101 was the most effective agent on the ratio of IL-10/IFN-γin the IL-10 group. Our finding highlighted the concept of personalized probiotics and also provided a good foundation to investigate the probiotics with NK activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of hematological findings in children with Down syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1724
Author(s):  
Hakan Sarbay
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Myelodysplastic Syndrome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Hematological Disorders ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A

Background: Various hematological disorders and malignancies may be encountered with Down syndrome. In this article, hematological findings of children with Down syndrome were investigated.Methods: The hematological results of 106 Down syndrome children aged 3 months to 17 years were assessed retrospectively. The results were compared with a patient group consisting of non-DS and healthy children with a similar age range.Results: When compared with the control group, a significant difference was found between the frequencies of neutropenia, monocytosis, macrocytosis and anisocytosis. No significant difference was detected between the patients with macrocytosis and those without macrocytosis when the relation of macrocytosis with other hematological disorders was examined. On the other hand, the comparison between the groups with and without macrocytosis showed that the prevalence of acute leukemia was significantly higher in patients with Down syndrome.Conclusions: DS children with macrocytosis should be more closely monitored for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukemia.

scholarly journals Association of Nasal Polyposis with Bronchial Asthma

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Md Anamul Haque ◽  
Md Kamrul Hasan Tarafder ◽  
ABM Luthful Kabir ◽  
Mohammad Harun Or Rashid ◽  
Dhiman Pramanik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Eosinophil Count ◽  
Nasal Polyposis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Objective: To find out association between Nasal polyposis and bronchial asthma. Methods: This was a cross sectional study which was carried out in the departments of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck surgery of Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and Dhaka Medical College Hospital during the period of February 2014 to July 2014. A Total 230 patients were selected according to selection criteria among which 30 subjects had nasal polyposis (designated as group A or cases) and 200 subjects had no nasal polyposis (designated as group B or control group). Results: In group (A), asthma was found in 30.0% cases. On the other hand, asthma was found in 2.5% of control group (B). The association of nasal polyposis with bronchial asthma was highly significant (p<.05). In both group 40.0% patients were within the 38-47 year’s age group. In case group, 80.0% patients had any sorts of allergic history on the other hand, only 15.0% patients had allergic history in control group. High eosinophil count was found 66.7% patients suffering from nasal polyposis with bronchial asthma and in comparison to patients suffering from nasal polyposis without bronchial asthma had high eosinophil count 42.85%. In group A High IgE level was found 66.7% patients suffering from nasal polyposis with bronchial asthma, on the other hand, 42.85% had IgE level among patients suffering from nasal polyposis without bronchial asthma. Conclusion: Patients with nasal polyposis and asthma are significantly associated. Both serum IgE and total circulating eosinophil count are significant associated with nasal polyposis and bronchial asthma. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; April 2017; 23(1): 11-18

scholarly journals Effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of enrofloxcin on hematological parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 09-015
Author(s):  
Md. Mominul Islam Bhuiyan ◽  
Md. Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Md. Rakibul Hasan ◽  
Kazi Rafiqul Isla
Keyword(s):  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Parameter ◽  
Withdrawal Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Control Group Group

Hematological indication is an important finding for pathophysiology analysis of biological science. This study was designed with the aim to investigate the effects of residual antibiotics on hematological parameters of broiler following discriminate and indiscriminate use. 18 broiler DOC (Cobb-500) were reared up to 31 days. On day 16, they were randomly divided into 3 groups, namely Group–A (Control group), Group-B (Discriminate group) and Group-C (Indiscriminate group). Each group contains 6 birds. The discriminate and indiscriminate group was treated with antibiotic, enrofloxacin. In Group-B withdrawal period was followed and treatment was stopped before 7 days of sacrifice. On the other hand, withdrawal period was not maintained in indiscriminate group and the antibiotic treatment was continued until the day of sacrifice. The Total erythrocyte count (million/mm3) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate groups were 3.15±0.047, 2.66±0.091, and 2.90±0.11 respectively. The Hb (gm%) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate groups were 8.17±0.07, 7.37±0.09, and 7.28±0.07 respectively. The Packed Cell Volume (%) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate group were 24.17±0.48, 23.17±0.48, and 22.33±0.67 respectively. There was no significant difference on blood parameter found among the groups. Therefore, discriminate and indiscriminate use of enrofloxacin has no bad effect on hematological parameters of broiler.

scholarly journals Effects of peroral supplementation of different forms of zinc on the ruminal mucosa of goat kids – a morphometric study

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Černík ◽  
Leoš Pavlata ◽  
Alena Pechová ◽  
Ľubica Mišurová ◽  
Olga Jokverová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of supplementation of various forms of zinc on the ruminal mucosa and dimensions of ruminal papillae in 6-month-old goat kids. The experimental period lasted from weaning to slaughter (4 months). All 20 kids divided into four groups of five animals, were fed with the same feeding dose, which was different only in the quantity and form of zinc. Control group was without additional zinc supplementation (group A), the other groups were supplemented with zinc in the form of ZnO (group B), zinc in the form of chelate (group C) and zinc in the form of lactate (group D). Samples for histopathological and morphometric examination were collected after the slaughter of all animals from the bottom of saccus ruminis ventralis everytime from the same place. Significant differences were reported within the comparison of the length of ruminal papillae between groups B and C (P = 0.026) and B and D (P = 0.040), within the comparison of the width of ruminal papillae between groups A and D (P = 0.020) and within the comparison of the intensity of keratinisation of the mucosa of ruminal papillae between groups A and B (P = 0.034), A and C (P = 0.038) and A and D (P = 0.001). Histopathological and morphometric examination of ruminal mucosa indicated that the ruminal papillae of kids supplemented with zinc in the form of ZnO (group B) were better developed compared to the other groups. This result indicates better utilisation of the supplemented zinc in the form of ZnO.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document