scholarly journals Molecular hybridization of iodinated 4S, 5S, and 18S + 28S RNA to salamander chromosomes.

1976 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
P E León
Keyword(s):  
Centromeric Region ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Telomeric Region ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
Taricha Granulosa ◽  
Carrier Free ◽  
Rna Genes

4S, 5S, AND 18S + 28S RNA from the newt Taricha granulosa granulosa were iodinated in vitro with carrier-free 125I and hybridized to the denatured chromosomes of Taricha granulosa and Batrachoseps weighti. Iodinated 18S + 28S RNA hybridizes to the telomeric region on the shorter arm of chromosome 2 and close to the centromere on the shorter arm of chromosome 9 from T. granulosa. On this same salamander the label produced by the 5S RNA is located close to or on the centromere of chromosome 7 and the iodinated 4S RNA labels the distal end of the longer arm of chromosome 5. On the chromosomes of B. wrighti, 18S + 28S RNA hybridizes close to the centromeric region on the longer arm of the largest chromosome. Two centromeric sites are hybridized by the iodinated 5S RNA. After hybridization with iodinated 4S RNA, label is found near the end of the shorter arm of chromosome 3. It is concluded that both ribosomal and transfer RNA genes are clustered in the genome of these two salamanders.

scholarly journals Transcriptionally inactive oocyte-type 5S RNA genes of Xenopus laevis are complexed with TFIIIA in vitro.

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3503-3510 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Peck ◽  
L Millstein ◽  
P Eversole-Cire ◽  
J M Gottesfeld ◽  
A Varshavsky
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Nuclear Extract ◽  
In Vitro Transcription ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
Differential Binding ◽  
5S Rna Genes ◽  
Rna Genes

An extract from whole oocytes of Xenopus laevis was shown to transcribe somatic-type 5S RNA genes approximately 100-fold more efficiently than oocyte-type 5S RNA genes. This preference was at least 10-fold greater than the preference seen upon microinjection of 5S RNA genes into oocyte nuclei or upon in vitro transcription in an oocyte nuclear extract. The approximately 100-fold transcriptional bias in favor of the somatic-type 5S RNA genes observed in vitro in the whole oocyte extract was similar to the transcriptional bias observed in developing Xenopus embryos. We also showed that in the whole oocyte extract, a promoter-binding protein required for 5S RNA gene transcription, TFIIIA, was bound both to the actively transcribed somatic-type 5S RNA gene and to the largely inactive oocyte-type 5S RNA genes. These findings suggest that the mechanism for the differential expression of 5S RNA genes during Xenopus development does not involve differential binding of TFIIIA to 5S RNA genes.

scholarly journals Transcriptionally inactive oocyte-type 5S RNA genes of Xenopus laevis are complexed with TFIIIA in vitro

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3503-3510
Author(s):  
L J Peck ◽  
L Millstein ◽  
P Eversole-Cire ◽  
J M Gottesfeld ◽  
A Varshavsky
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Nuclear Extract ◽  
In Vitro Transcription ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
Differential Binding ◽  
5S Rna Genes ◽  
Rna Genes

An extract from whole oocytes of Xenopus laevis was shown to transcribe somatic-type 5S RNA genes approximately 100-fold more efficiently than oocyte-type 5S RNA genes. This preference was at least 10-fold greater than the preference seen upon microinjection of 5S RNA genes into oocyte nuclei or upon in vitro transcription in an oocyte nuclear extract. The approximately 100-fold transcriptional bias in favor of the somatic-type 5S RNA genes observed in vitro in the whole oocyte extract was similar to the transcriptional bias observed in developing Xenopus embryos. We also showed that in the whole oocyte extract, a promoter-binding protein required for 5S RNA gene transcription, TFIIIA, was bound both to the actively transcribed somatic-type 5S RNA gene and to the largely inactive oocyte-type 5S RNA genes. These findings suggest that the mechanism for the differential expression of 5S RNA genes during Xenopus development does not involve differential binding of TFIIIA to 5S RNA genes.

scholarly journals GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE 5S RNA GENES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-523
Author(s):  
James D Procunier ◽  
Kenneth D Tartof
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer Region ◽  
Ribosomal Rna Genes ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
5S Rna Genes ◽  
Rna Genes

ABSTRACT The 5S RNA genes of Drosophila melanogaster in either an isogenic wild-type or a multiply inverted (SM1) chromosome 2 increase their multiplicity when opposite a deficiency for the 5S gene site. This is analogous to the compensation phenomenon previously described for the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes of the X chromosome nucleolus organizer region. Molecular hybridization of 5S RNA to DNA containing various doses of the 56F1-9 region of chromosome 2 demonstrates that most, if not all, of the 5S genes reside in or near this region. Also, a deficiency missing approximately one-half of the wild-type number of 5S genes was isolated and genetically localized. This mutant has a phenotype like that of bobbed, a mutant known to be partially deficient in 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes. Finally, we report the existence of a chromosomal rearrangement which splits the second chromosome into two segments, each containing 5S DNA.

Localization of the 5S RNA genes to arm 2R in polytene chromosomes of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 941-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bedo ◽  
G. C. Webb
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
Rna In Situ Hybridization ◽  
5S Rna Genes ◽  
Rna Genes

The 5S RNA genes of Lucilia cuprina were mapped to section 15A in the short arm of chromosome 2 by in situ hybridization to pupal trichogen polytene cells. As in most eukaryotes the 5S genes are located separately from the remaining ribosomal RNA genes.Key words: Lucilia cuprina, 5S RNA, in situ hybridization.

scholarly journals Long-term balancing selection in highly dynamic mating loci generates trans-species polymorphisms in fungi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Peris ◽  
Dabao Sun Lu ◽  
Vilde Bruhn Kinneberg ◽  
Ine-Susanne Hopland Methlie ◽  
Malin Stapnes Dahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Evolutionary Force ◽  
Identity Threshold

Balancing selection, an evolutionary force that retains genetic diversity, has been detected in multiple genes and organisms, such as the sexual mating loci in fungi. In tetrapolar basidiomycete fungi, sexual type is determined by two unlinked loci, MATA and MATB. These loci are usually highly diverse, but with conserved domains. Previous studies have revealed that species of the genus Trichaptum (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) possess a tetrapolar mating system, with multiple inferred alleles for MATA and MATB. Here, we sequenced a total of a hundred and eighty specimens of three Trichaptum species. We characterized the chromosomal location of MATA (chromosome 2) and MATB (chromosome 9), the molecular structure of MAT regions and their allelic richness. We found multiple MAT alleles segregating in both multiple Trichaptum specimens, and the non-Trichaptum species included for comparison. Phylogenetic analyses and various nucleotide statistics suggested that long-term balancing selection has generated trans-species polymorphisms. Mating sequences were classified in different allelic classes based on an identity threshold of higher than 86%. The observed allelic classes could potentially generate 14,560 different mating types. The inferred allelic information mirrored the outcome of in vitro crosses, thus allowing us to support the degree of allelic divergence needed for successful mating. Even with the high amount of divergence, key amino acids in functional domains are conserved. We conclude that the genetic diversity of mating in Trichaptum loci is due to long-term balancing selection that likely promote sexual outcrossing, with limited recombination and duplication activity. Our large number of sequenced specimens highlighted the importance of sequencing multiple individuals from different species to detect the mating-related genes, the mechanisms generating diversity and the evolutionary forces maintaining them.

scholarly journals THE SYNTHESIS OF 5S RNA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO 18S AND 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA IN THE BOBBED MUTANTS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-738
Author(s):  
Jag Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Rna Genes

ABSTRACT Ribosomes contain one molecule each of 5S, 18S and 28S RNA. In Drosophila melanogaster although the genes for 18S+28S are physically separated from the 5S RNA genes, the multiplicity of various ribosomal RNA genes is roughly the same. Thus a coordinate synthesis of these three molecules might seem feasible. This problem has been approached by determining the molar ratios of various RNA's in ovaries and in adult flies. In ovaries there is a slight excess of 5S RNA molecules over other rRNA's, but in adult flies no such differences exist. Bobbed mutants also have the same molar ratios as wild-type flies. Results on 5S RNA synthesis in both in vitro and in vivo studies show that it is reduced in coordination with 18S+28S rRNA in the bobbed mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Various possibilities are discussed in considering the implications of these results.

An upstream signal is required for in vitro transcription ofNeurospora 5S RNA genes

1986 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric U. Selker ◽  
Ewa Morzycka-Wroblewska ◽  
Judith N. Stevens ◽  
Robert L. Metzenberg
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Transcription ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
5S Rna Genes ◽  
Rna Genes

Selective in vitro transcription of the 5S RNA genes of a DNA template

Biochemistry ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 3243-3248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Ackerman ◽  
John J. Furth
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Transcription ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
Dna Template ◽  
5S Rna Genes ◽  
Rna Genes

scholarly journals Role of TFIIIA zinc fingers in vivo: analysis of single-finger function in developing Xenopus embryos.

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4776-4783 ◽  
Author(s):  
M B Rollins ◽  
S Del Rio ◽  
A L Galey ◽  
D R Setzer ◽  
M T Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Zinc Fingers ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
5S Rna Genes ◽  
Rna Genes

The Xenopus 5S RNA gene-specific transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) has nine consecutive Cys2His2 zinc finger motifs. Studies were conducted in vivo to determine the contribution of each of the nine zinc fingers to the activity of TFIIIA in living cells. Nine separate TFIIIA mutants were expressed in Xenopus embryos following microinjection of their respective in vitro-derived mRNAs. Each mutant contained a single histidine-to-asparagine substitution in the third zinc ligand position of an individual zinc finger. These mutations result in structural disruption of the mutated finger with little or no effect on the other fingers. The activity of mutant proteins in vivo was assessed by measuring transcriptional activation of the endogenous 5S RNA genes. Mutants containing a substitution in zinc finger 1, 2, or 3 activate 5S RNA genes at a level which is reduced relative to that in embryos injected with the message for wild-type TFIIIA. Proteins with a histidine-to-asparagine substitution in zinc finger 5 or 7 activate 5S RNA genes at a level that is roughly equivalent to that of the wild-type protein. Zinc fingers 8 and 9 appear to be critical for the normal function of TFIIIA, since mutations in these fingers result in little or no activation of the endogenous 5S RNA genes. Surprisingly, proteins with a mutation in zinc finger 4 or 6 stimulate 5S RNA transcription at a level that is significantly higher than that mediated by similar concentrations of wild-type TFIIIA. Differences in the amount of newly synthesized 5S RNA in embryos containing the various mutant forms of TFIIIA result from differences in the relative number and/or activity of transcription complexes assembled on the endogenous 5S RNA genes and, in the case of the finger 4 and finger 6 mutants, result from increased transcriptional activation of the normally inactive oocyte-type 5S RNA genes. The remarkably high activity of the finger 6 mutant can be reproduced in vitro when transcription is carried out in the presence of 5S RNA. Disruption of zinc finger 6 results in a form of TFIIIA that exhibits reduced susceptibility to feedback inhibition by 5S RNA and therefore increases the availability of the transcription factor for transcription complex formation.

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