scholarly journals ON THE ROLE OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN ANIMAL VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Tamm ◽  
Rostom Bablanian
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Active Inhibitor ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Highly Active

Ribonuclease is a highly active inhibitor of vaccinia virus multiplication in vitro in the chorioallantoic membrane removed from embryonated chicken eggs. It is also a highly active inhibitor of pock formation by vaccinia and herpes simplex viruses on the chorioallantoic membrane in vivo. Marked inhibitory effects were obtained with 12.5 µg. of RNase. However, complete inhibition was not obtained with several hundred micrograms of the enzyme. RNase caused no inactivation of the infectivity of vaccinia virus particles but it had a marked inhibitory effect on multiplication of this virus when administered many hours after infection of host cells had occurred. RNase also failed to inactivate the infectivity of herpes simplex virus particles. The results obtained indicate that ribonucleic acid is necessary for the multiplication of two DNA-containing viruses; i.e., vaccinia and herpes simplex.

5-Alkynyl Pyrimidine Nucleosides as Potent Selective Inhibitors of Varicella-Zoster Virus

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Rahim ◽  
N. Trevidi ◽  
J. Selway ◽  
G. Darby ◽  
P. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Pyrimidine Nucleosides ◽  
Highly Active

A series of 5-alkynyl substituted 2′-deoxyuridine and β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil nucleosides were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activity against varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Three promising analogues, 1-(β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethynyluracil (EYaraU), 2′-deoxy-5-prop-1-ynyluridine (PYdU) and 1-(β-D-arabinof uranosyl)-5-prop-1-ynyluracil (PYaraU) had potent activity against eight strains of VZV with IC50 values averaging 1 μM. This activity was selective for VZV as the compounds were significantly less active against herpes simplex viruses (HSV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in contrast to 2′-deoxy-5-ethynyluridine (EYdU) which is highly active against all three viruses. The ability of these compounds to inhibit the growth of Vera or MRC-5 cells was over 2 orders of magnitude less than their antiviral activity (CC50 in Vero cells 350 μM for EYaraU and >500 μM for PYdU and PYaraU and >500 μM for all 3 compounds in MRC-5 cells). Direct comparative studies showed these compounds to be more potent and more selective than acyclovir (ACV).

scholarly journals The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic memberane, minced embryo and cell suspensions

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Maitland ◽  
D. I. Magrath
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Considerable Doubt

The growth curve of rabbit skin-adapted vaccinia virus in the chick chorioallantoic membrane incubated in Hanks' solution showed a drop in titre of virus for about 10 hr. followed by growth. At least 25% of virus, sometimes more, remained infective. A similar fall in titre was observed in heated membranes in which the virus did not grow and this occurred also when membranes, either normal or heated, were infected and disintegrated before incubation.The growth curve of virus in minced chick-embryo was similar to that in chorioallantoic membrane.Virus in cell suspensions prepared from chick embryo and incubated in a nutrient medium showed only a small loss of infectivity before growth in some experiments and rarely dropped below 65–70 % of the original titre in others.These results throw considerable doubt on the view that loss of infectivity preceding growth of vaccinia virus should be interpreted as an essential part of a growth cycle.

scholarly journals RATIOS OF VACCINIA VIRUS PARTICLES TO VIRUS INFECTIOUS UNITS

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Overman ◽  
D. Gordon Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Infective Virus ◽  
Ratio Increase ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Particle Counts

Total virus particle counts, infectivity titrations and the ratios between particles and infective units have been determined for vaccinia virus infected tissues. Growth curves of vaccinia in the chorioallantoic membrane are characterized by relatively low ratios from 1 to 4 days after inoculation and a marked rise in the ratio at more prolonged intervals. Ratio determinations of vaccinia virus passages in the egg, rabbit skin, and guinea pig skin have been made to study the phenomenon of adaptation in different hosts. The embryonated egg chorioallantoic membrane shows no variation in the ratio of particles to infectious units during passage and it is concluded that this host is completely susceptible to vaccinia. During adaptive passages on the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs relatively large amounts of non-infective virus appear as indicated by a rise in the particle-infectivity ratios. The extent of ratio increase appears related to the general resistance of the host to the virus. Finally, treatment of crude tissue extracts with sonic vibration is described as an aid in dispersing the virus particles for quantitative particle counts.

Multiplication of vaccinia virus in the chorioallantoic membrane in vitro

Virology ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Overman ◽  
Igor Tamm
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane

scholarly journals In Vitro Anti-herpes Simplex Viruses and Anti-adenoviruses Activity of Twelve Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants in Taiwan

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1600-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lien-Chai Chiang ◽  
Hua-Yew Cheng ◽  
Mei-Chi Liu ◽  
Wen Chiang ◽  
Chun-Ching Lin
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses

scholarly journals The Cholestanol-Conjugated Sulfated Oligosaccharide PG545 Disrupts the Lipid Envelope of Herpes Simplex Virus Particles

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 1049-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna S. Said ◽  
Edward Trybala ◽  
Staffan Görander ◽  
Maria Ekblad ◽  
Jan-Åke Liljeqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Virucidal Activity ◽  
Sulfated Oligosaccharides ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Sulfated Oligosaccharide ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACTHerpes simplex virus (HSV) and many other viruses, including HIV, initiate infection of host cells by binding to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of cell surface proteoglycans. Although GAG mimetics, such as sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides, exhibit potent antiviral activities in cultured cells, the prophylactic application of these inhibitors as vaginal microbicides failed to protect women upon their exposure to HIV. A possible explanation for this failure is that sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides exhibit no typical virucidal activity, as their interaction with viral particles is largely electrostatic and reversible and thereby vulnerable to competition with GAG-binding proteins of the genital tract. Here we report that the cholestanol-conjugated sulfated oligosaccharide PG545, but not several other sulfated oligosaccharides lacking this modification, exhibited virucidal activity manifested as disruption of the lipid envelope of HSV-2 particles. The significance of the virus particle-disrupting activity of PG545 was also demonstrated in experimental animals, as this compound, in contrast to unmodified sulfated oligosaccharide, protected mice against genital infection with HSV-2. Thus, PG545 offers a novel prophylaxis option against infections caused by GAG-binding viruses.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Synthesis of Vaccinia Virus Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid In Vivo and In Vitro

1971 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence Colby ◽  
Christine Jurale ◽  
Joseph R. Kates
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid

scholarly journals A simple biological marker to differentiate the types of Herpes Simplex Viruses in resource-limited settings

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
T Akter ◽  
S Tabassum ◽  
A Nessa ◽  
M Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) multiply readily on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated hen’s egg and produce easily visible foci or pocks on this membrane. In the present study, pocks produced by the two antigenic types of HSV (1 & 2) were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of typing HSV isolates by pock size on CAMs. A total of 57 HSV isolates from both non-genital and genital samples were typed by the pock size produced on the CAMs of fertile hen’s eggs. Twenty two HSV isolates yielded visible pocks on CAM, of which 9 (40.9%) produced small pocks, while 13 (59.1%) produced large pocks. All pocks produced on CAM were confirmed by antigenic typing by the Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) method. HSV isolates which produced small pocks were in complete (100%) concordance with HSV type-1, while those producing larger pocks were in full (100%) concordance with HSV type-2. Thus, the pock size on CAM of embryonated fertile hen’s egg may be used as a simple and relatively inexpensive biological marker for the differentiation of HSV types 1 & 2. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v38i1.10448 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2012; 38: 23-26

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