Biosafety of human environments can be supported by effective use of renewable biomass

Preventing pathogenic viral and bacterial transmission in the human environment is critical, especially in potential outbreaks that may be caused by the release of ancient bacteria currently trapped in the permafrost. Existing commercial disinfectants present issues such as a high carbon footprint. This study proposes a sustainable alternative, a bioliquid derived from biomass prepared by hydrothermal liquefaction. Results indicate a high inactivation rate of pathogenic virus and bacteria by the as-prepared bioliquid, such as up to 99.99% for H1N1, H5N1, H7N9 influenza A virus, and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores and 99.49% for Bacillus anthracis. Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis confirmed that low-molecular-weight and low-polarity compounds in bioliquid are potential antibacterial components. High temperatures promoted the production of antibacterial substances via depolymerization and dehydration reactions. Moreover, bioliquid was innoxious as confirmed by the rabbit skin test, and the cost per kilogram of the bioliquid was $0.04427, which is notably lower than that of commercial disinfectants. This study demonstrates the potential of biomass to support our biosafety with greater environmental sustainability.

Hedgehog artificial macrophage with atomic-catalytic centers to combat Drug-resistant bacteria

Pathogenic drug-resistant bacteria represent a threat to human health, for instance, the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). There is an ever-growing need to develop non-antibiotic strategies to fight bacteria without triggering drug resistance. Here, we design a hedgehog artificial macrophage with atomic-catalytic centers to combat MRSA by mimicking the “capture and killing” process of macrophages. The experimental studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the synthesized materials can efficiently capture and kill MRSA by the hedgehog topography and substantial generation of •O2− and HClO with its Fe2N6O catalytic centers. The synthesized artificial macrophage exhibits a low minimal inhibition concentration (8 μg/mL Fe-Art M with H2O2 (100 μM)) to combat MRSA and rapidly promote the healing of bacteria-infected wounds on rabbit skin. We suggest that the application of this hedgehog artificial macrophage with “capture and killing” capability and high ROS-catalytic activity will open up a promising pathway to develop antibacterial materials for bionic and non-antibiotic disinfection strategies.

The influence of hydration status on ion transport in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) skin—An in vitro study

The preservation of physiological transport of ions and water content is particularly important for maintaining the skin barrier, touch and pain stimuli, as well as the initiation of skin regeneration processes, especially after treatments associated with breaking skin continuity and wound healing difficulties. The aim of the study was to assess changes in ion transport, measured as values of transepithelial electric resistance and potential difference in stationary conditions and during mechanical-chemical stimulations, depending on the hydration status of isolated rabbit skin specimens. The specimens were divided into five groups: control (n = 22), dehydrated in 10% NaCl (n = 30), rehydrated after dehydration (n = 26), dried at 37°C (n = 26), and rehydrated after drying (n = 25). Dehydrated tissue samples showed altered resistance compared to the control; this change was maintained regardless of rehydration. In the dehydrated samples, changes in the measured electric potential were also noted, which returned to values comparable with the control after rehydration. Dehydrated skin, regardless of the cause of dehydration, responds with changes in the transport of sodium and chloride ions and the altered cellular microenvironment. It could influence the perception of stimuli, particularly pain, and slow down the regeneration processes.

Gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus skin infection

Gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus changes during infection to survive its host. Therefore, to find new strategies to combat staphylococcal infections, it is important to understand the mechanisms that this pathogen uses to adapt to its host and how the host responds to the presence of staphylococcal cells. We have reviewed two studies of gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus during skin infections, one study using a rabbit skin infection model and the other study using a diabetic skin infection model in mice. We compared the two gene expression profiles to find similarities and differences. Many genes did not show any differences in gene expression in S. aureus during the skin infection compared to the control groups. However,19 genes were upregulated in both systems include chaperones (e.g., groES, groEL, grpE, dnaK9), sodM, hrcA, sbi, and the gene encoding a cadmium-exporting ATPase protein. Also, four genes were downregulated in both systems including a gene that encodes a hydrolase and three genes for hypothetical proteins. Also, there was a group of genes expressed in different ways in the two systems. The gene expression of sarU, transcriptional regulators of the LysR family, Cro family, crp family, TetR family, tenA, and many hypothetical proteins were upregulated in the rabbit system but downregulated in the mouse system. The genes rps, rpl, rpm, and several others involved, for example, in translation and transcription were downregulated in the rabbit system but upregulated in the mouse system. Many genes that showed significant changes in overall gene expression in the rabbit model were unaffected in the mouse model. For example, in the rabbit skin infection model increased important gene regulators like agr and sarV, while some stress-response genes (e.g., sigB and lexA) were downregulated. The gene expression of several staphylococcal genes encoding virulence factors such as fibronectin-binding proteins, hemolysins, coagulases, complement inhibitory proteins, Emp, and many exotoxins were upregulated while clumping factor A was downregulated. Besides, some genes showed expression changes in the mouse model, but not in the rabbit model. For example, sarA, rot, ecb, ctsR, spx, many ribosomal proteins, and hypothetical proteins increased, while cap5k, lysE, rusA, and many hypothetical proteins decreased in the mouse model but they were unaffected in the rabbit model. On the other hand, the host responded to the S. aureus infection by inducing the expression of genes encoding host inflammatory cytokines, receptors, genes associated with neutrophil adhesion and migration, inflammation, and immune cell trafficking. In conclusion, the level of gene expression changed both in the pathogen and the host during the skin infection. The information of gene expression can make significant contributions to understand which genes are involved in the infection process, which can be targeted for antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Sustainable Rabbit Skin Glue to Produce Bioactive Nanofibers for Nonactive Wound Dressings

This paper assessed the collagen glue (Col) from rabbit skin for use as a raw material in combination with different water-based dispersants of antimicrobial agents such as ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs doped with nitrogen and Ag NPs (TiO2-N-Ag NPs), and chitosan (CS) for the production of biocompatible and antimicrobial nanofibers. The electrospun nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance in conjunction with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) analyses and antioxidant activity. The biocompatibility of electrospun nanofibers was investigated on cell lines of mouse fibroblast NCTC (clone L929) using MTT test assays. Antimicrobial activity was performed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans pathogenic fungus. Electrospun antimicrobial nanofibers based on collagen glue achieved reduction in the number of viable microorganisms against both fungi and bacteria and exhibited multiple inhibitory actions of fungal and bacterial strains. The electrospun nanofibers showed average dimension sizes in the range of 30–160 nm. The results indicated that both Col/TiO2-N-Ag NPs and Col/CS formulations are suitable for cell proliferation and may be useful for producing of nonactive wound dressings.

EFEKTIVITAS SALEP KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN BANGUN – BANGUN (Coleus amboinicus Lour.) DAN DAUN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) SEBAGAI OBAT LUKA SAYAT

Bangun-bangun leaves and palm leaves contain various secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids which can healing wound. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ointment combination of ethanol extract of leaves of bangun- bangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour.) And ethanol extract of palm leaves (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) In healing wound. The bangun- bangun leaves and the palm leaves are separated from the petiole and then dried in a drying cupboard so that it becomes a simplisia. Simplisia is extracted by maceration method then evaporated with a rotary evaporator and evaporated again on a water bath to produce a thick extract. Thick extracts from the leaves of bangun- bangun and palm leaves are then formulated into ointment preparations with varying concentrations. Each rabbit was shaved on its back then cleaned with 70% alcohol. Furthermore, rabbits were anesthetized using 0.5 ml Lidocain HCL as much as 0.5 ml subcutaneously. Next mark the part that will be injured with a diameter of 2 cm, by lifting the rabbit skin using tweezers and then made a wound using surgical scissors that have been sterilized first with 70% alcohol. Wound diameter measurements showed that all treatment groups from day 1 to day 23 experienced changes in wound diameter. The combination ointment of ethanol extract of leaves wake-up (EEDB) 10% and ethanol extract of palm oil leaves (EEDKS) 10% have a more effective effect in wound healing than single dose.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS GEL KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BANGUN-BANGUN (Coleus amboinicus L.) DAN DAUN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guieensis Jacq) SEBAGAI OBAT LUKA BAKAR TAHUN 2020

Coleus amboinicus L leaves and Elaeis guieensis Jacq leaves contain various secondary metabolites such as saponins, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids that function in wound healing. The purpose of this study was to determine the healing effect of burns using a gel preparation combination of ethanolic extract of Coleus amboinicus L. (EECAL) And ethanolic extract of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (EEEGJ) In healing burns. Coleus amboinicus L leaves and Elaeis guieensis Jacq leaves contain are separated from the petiole and then dried in a drying cupboard so that it becomes a simplicia. Simplisia is extracted by maceration method then evaporated with a rotary evaporator and evaporated again on a water bath to produce a thick extract. EECAL and EEEGJ are then formulated into gel preparations with varying concentrations. Each rabbit was shaved on its back then cleaned with 70% alcohol. Furthermore, rabbits were anesthetized using 0.5 ml Lidocain HCL as much as 0.5 ml subcutaneously. Then mark the part that will be injured with a diameter of 2 cm, by lifting the rabbit skin using tweezers and then made a wound using a hot iron plate that has been sterilized beforehand with 70% alcohol. Wound diameter measurements showed that all treatment groups from day 1 to day 20 experienced changes in wound diameter. EECAL 15% and EEEGJ 10% have a more effective effect in healing of burn than in their single form.

Influence of microemulsion components on transdermal delivery of immunomodulator glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide

This paper demonstrates a chemical way of enhancing transdermal delivery using immunomodulator glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (GMDP) as an example. Objective: to study in vitro the effect of various components of the microemulsion composition on GMDP diffusion through the skin from a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). Materials and methods. Medicinal substance – glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (Peptek, Russia). Excipients and raw materials: sodium chloride, purified water, sodium dodecyl sulfate, docusate sodium, oak bark, apricot kernel oil, alpha-tocopheryl acetate and Decaglyn PR-20 emulsifier. Equipment: Heidolph DIAX 900 mechanical disperser (Germany) and Hielscher UIS250V ultrasonic homogenizer (Germany). GMDP diffusion from TTS through unpreserved rabbit skin was studied on diffusion tester Copley (UK). GMDP in aqueous solutions was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on an Agilent 1200 chromatography system (Agilent Technologies, USA). Results. A microemulsion system composed of 20% docusate sodium in an oil phase and an oak bark decoction as an aqueous phase was developed. This made it possible to increase GMDP transdermal delivery by ~70% in comparison with the basic composition. Conclusion. The characteristic parameters of microemulsion components of GMDP contained in TTS, influencing GMDP diffusion through unpreserved rabbit skin in vitro, were determined. Introducing relative indicators would be advisable in order to correctly evaluate the results of different series of in vitro experiments with biological objects.