AbstractWe report on the role of surface diffusion involved in relaxation of electromigration (EM) induced compressive stresses in relation to hillock growth and EM behavior of interconnects. Two competing mechanisms of EM stress relaxation by material transport onto the surface are considered. The first is hillocking by threshold diffusional creep (TCH), with rather large blocks of material (grains or group of grains) involved in plastic flow. The second mechanism, atomic diffusion hillocking (ADH), is presumed to be a nonthreshold one, and represents atomic grain boundary (GB) diffusion stimulated by the hydrostatic stress gradient in the direction normal to the film surface. The latter process involves surface diffusion because GB diffusional flux onto the surface must be coupled with the flux of redistribution of the atoms over the surface. If ADH acts rapidly, this should prevent the build-up of the matter at the down-wind (anode) end of the stripe, and thus, eliminate the Blech EM threshold resulting from the stress-gradient along the stripe. The question as to whether GB diffusion capable of transporting atoms pushed by electron wind along the stripe is also effective in relieving compressive stress by GB migration of the surplus atoms in the normal direction, has remained open up to now. The problem is especially acute for short or/and narrow lines separated into short polycrystalline segments, where the Blech threshold effects are critical to EM reliability.We derived the main features of the EM behavior in drift velocity test geometry assuming that both TCH and ADH are operative. The result can be compared with available and future experimental observations in order to reveal if and when the ADH mechanism with surface diffusion involved works.
The role of surface diffusion in the growth mechanism of III-nitride nanowires and nanotubes