scholarly journals “Dark Energy” May Not Exist -- Is the Rest Mass Immutable? -- “Empty Voids”

2021 ◽  
Vol 1739 ◽  
pp. 012020
Author(s):  
Zhong Guan
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Rest Mass

Dark Matters, Gravational Force, Neutron Life-Time Anomaly and Hadronization    

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Electromagnetic Force ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Galaxy Cluster ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Force Range

The properties of the dark matters, dark energy, graviton and photon are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Three new particles (bastons) with the electric charges (EC) are proposed as the dark matters. The decreasing coupling constant of the strong force and neutron lifetime anomaly are explained by the unobservable proton and hadronization. And the rest mass of 1.4 TeV/c2 is assigned to the Le particle with the EC charge of −2e. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c2) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. It is proposed that the EC, LC and CC charges are aligned along the time axes but not along the space axes. The photon is confined on its corresponding three-dimensional quantized space. However, the graviton can be evaporated into other three-dimensional quantized spaces. The rest mass and force range of the massive g(0,0,0) graviton with the Planck size are mg = 3.1872·10−31 eV/c2 and xr = 3.0955·1023 m = 10.0 Mpc, respectively, based on the experimental rest mass and rms charge radius of the proton. The possible diameter (10 Mpc) of the largest galaxy cluster is remarkably consistent with the gravitational force range (10 Mpc). Then, the diameter of the largest dark matter distribution related to the largest galaxy cluster is 9.2865·1023 m = 30 Mpc equal to the force range of the massive g(0) graviton with the rest mass of 1.0624·10−31 eV/c2. The reason why the gravitational force between normal matters is very weak when compared with other forces is explained by the graviton evaporation and photon confinement. Because of the huge number (N) of the evaporated gravitons into the x1x2x3 space, it is concluded that the gravitational force between dark matters should be much stronger than the gravitational force between the normal matters and the repulsive electromagnetic force between dark matters. The proposed weak gravitational force between the dark matters and normal matters explains the observed dark matter distributions of the bullet cluster, Abell 1689 cluster and Abell 520 cluster. The transition from the galaxy without the dark matters to the galaxy with the dark matters are explained. Also, the accelerated space expansion is caused by the new space quanta created by the evaporated gravitons into the x1x2x3 space and repulsive electromagnetic force between dark matters corresponding to the dark energy. And the space evolution can be described by using these graviton evaporation and repulsive electromagnetic force, too.

scholarly journals Dark Matters, Gravational Force, Neutron Life-Time Anomaly and Hadronization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Galaxy Cluster ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Force Range

The properties of the dark matter, dark energy, graviton and photon are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Three new particles (bastons) with the electric charges (EC) are proposed as the dark matters. It is proposed that the EC, LC and CC charges are aligned along the time axes but not along the space axes. The photon is confined on its corresponding three-dimensional quantized space. However, the graviton can be evaporated into other three-dimensional quantized spaces. The rest mass of the electron neutrino (ne) of 3.494·10−3 eV/c2 is obtained from the experimental vacuum energy density in terms of quantum field theory (QFT). The rest mass and force range of the massive g(0,0,0) graviton with the Planck size are mg = 3.1872·10−31 eV/c2 and xr = 3.0955·1023 m = 10.0 Mpc, respectively, based on the experimental rest mass and rms charge radius of the proton. The possible diameter (10 Mpc) of the largest galaxy cluster is remarkably consistent with the gravitational force range (10 Mpc). Then, the diameter of the largest dark matter distribution related to the largest galaxy cluster is 9.2865·1023 m = 30 Mpc equal to the force range of the massive g(0) graviton with the rest mass of 1.0624·10−31 eV/c2. Because of the huge number (N) of the evaporated gravitons, the very small Coulomb’s constant of about 10−48k and large gravitation constant of 106GN are expected for the charged dark matters. Therefore, Fc(mm) > Fg(dd) > Fg(mm) > Fg(dm) > Fc(dd) > Fc(dm) = 0 for the proton-like particle. The proposed weak gravitational force between the dark matters and normal matters explains the observed dark matter distributions of the bullet cluster, Abell 1689 cluster and Abell 520 cluster. The transition from the galaxy without the dark matters to the galaxy with the dark matters are explained. Also, the accelerated space expansion is caused by the new space quanta created by the evaporated gravitons into the x1x2x3 space and repulsive electromagnetic force between dark matters corresponding to the dark energy. The decreasing coupling constant of the strong force, neutron lifetime anomaly and the pressure distribution inside the proton are explained by the unobservable proton and hadronization. And the rest mass of 1.4 TeV/c2 is assigned to the Le particle with the EC charge of −2e. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c2) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. Also, the gravitation constant has been changing with the time because of the graviton evaporation.

scholarly journals An Alternative Approach of the Dark Energy Beyond the Equation of State

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 2050009
Author(s):  
Mahendra Goray ◽  
Ramesh Naidu Annavarapu
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Equation Of State ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Accelerating Universe ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Mass Behavior ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
New Form ◽  
Constant Energy Density ◽  
The Universe

Several concepts have been proposed to explain the mystic nature of dark energy and the accelerating universe. Among them, geometrical dark energy is one such class that is based on the scalar curvature, and another type is based upon the “equation of state”. Also, another model suggests that neutrino rest-mass interaction is responsible for the “equation of state” with constant energy density. In this work, we have investigated another dark energy approach which is based on the illusive mass of the photon and a new geometrical perspective. Photon reveals its illusive mass behavior when it interacts with the surface of matter, i.e., photon manifests itself into different forms of mass. Hence, photon might hide some of its energy due to this new characteristic. This photon’s energy is embedded in the form of a curvature dependent complex number and could be considered as the new form of dark energy. Hence, we propose that the dark energy might be hiding in the photon’s illusive form and could pave the way towards unravelling the secrets of the dark energy of the universe and hence the accelerating universe.

Dark energy and neutrino mass from a transient vacuum particle pair model

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (15) ◽  
pp. 2050106
Author(s):  
Allan Rosencwaig
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Neutrino Mass ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Vacuum Energy Density ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Normal Ordering

We propose that the transient vacuum fluctuations of quantum fields can be represented by transient vacuum quanta where both the lifetime and spatial extent are given by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, HUP. Accordingly, a quantum field fluctuation at any spatial site results in the creation of a transient HUP-limited vacuum pair, corresponding to the particle and the antiparticle associated with that quantum field. All HUP-limited vacuum pairs, both massive and massless, are found to be on-shell particles, and are indistinguishable from each other except for differences related to their exchange symmetry. We find that the net vacuum energy density of all HUP-limited vacuum pairs is identically zero at any energy where both bosonic and fermionic transient vacuum pairs are present. The net vacuum energy density, from zero energy to the Planck limit, is found to be proportional to that of the rest mass of the lightest fermion, the lowest mass neutrino eigenstate. This net energy density is equal to the observed dark energy density if the mass of the lightest neutrino eigenstate is 3.2[Formula: see text]meV. The model predicts the absolute values of the masses of the three neutrino mass eigenstates and of the three neutrino flavor eigenstates for both normal and inverted ordering. The sum of the neutrino masses is found to be below the Planck satellite upper limit of 120[Formula: see text]meV, and the neutrino mass sum for normal ordering is below the most stringent upper bound of 78[Formula: see text]meV, indicating a preference for normal ordering.

Dark energy on firmer footing

Nature ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenie Samuel Reich
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy

Dark energy probe gets high praise

Nature ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Brumfiel
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy

Translocations In Space-Time and Simultaneous States of the Universe: Convergent Quantifications and Alternative Solutions from the Principles of Physics for the Challenges of “Time Travel” and “Parallel Universes”

2016 ◽  
pp. 4058-4069
Author(s):  
Michael A Persinger
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Hydrogen Line ◽  
Magnetic Forces ◽  
Universal Space ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
The Universe

                                Translation of four dimensional axes anywhere within the spatial and temporal boundaries of the universe would require quantitative values from convergence between parameters that reflect these limits. The presence of entanglement and volumetric velocities indicates that the initiating energy for displacement and transposition of axes would be within the upper limit of the rest mass of a single photon which is the same order of magnitude as a macroscopic Hamiltonian of the modified Schrödinger wave function. The representative metaphor is that any local 4-D geometry, rather than displaying restricted movement through Minkowskian space, would instead expand to the total universal space-time volume before re-converging into another location where it would be subject to cause-effect. Within this transient context the contributions from the anisotropic features of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics would be minimal.  The central operation of a fundamental unit of 10-20 J, the hydrogen line frequency, and the Bohr orbital time for ground state electrons would be required for the relocalized manifestation. Similar quantified convergence occurs for the ~1012 parallel states within space per Planck’s time which solve for phase-shift increments where Casimir and magnetic forces intersect.  Experimental support for these interpretations and potential applications is considered. The multiple, convergent solutions of basic universal quantities suggest that translations of spatial axes into adjacent spatial states and the transposition of four dimensional configurations any where and any time within the universe may be accessed but would require alternative perspectives and technologies.

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