Dark Energy of the Photon Space, Inflation of the Charged Black Holes and Universe Evolution

Space-time evolution of our universe is explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E = cDtDV), charges and energy density (|q| = r = cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The photon flat space with the constant energy density of r = cDtq is proposed as the dark energy (DE). The dark energy is separated into the n DE and photon DE which create the new photon spaces with the constant energy density of r = cDtq. The v DE is from the n pair production by the CPT symmetry and the photon DE is from the photon space pair production by the T symmetry. The vacuum energy crisis and Hubble’s constant puzzle are explained by the photon space with the n DE and photon DE. The big bang and inflation of the primary black hole is connected to the accelerated space expansion and big collapse of the photon space through the universe evolution. The big bang from the nothing is the pair production of the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes and particles.

Minimum Time for the Evolution to a Nonorthogonal Quantum State and Upper Bound of the Geometric Efficiency of Quantum Evolutions

We present a simple proof of the fact that the minimum time TAB for quantum evolution between two arbitrary states A and B equals TAB=ℏcos−1A|B/ΔE with ΔE being the constant energy uncertainty of the system. This proof is performed in the absence of any geometrical arguments. Then, being in the geometric framework of quantum evolutions based upon the geometry of the projective Hilbert space, we discuss the roles played by either minimum-time or maximum-energy uncertainty concepts in defining a geometric efficiency measure ε of quantum evolutions between two arbitrary quantum states. Finally, we provide a quantitative justification of the validity of the inequality ε≤1 even when the system only passes through nonorthogonal quantum states.

Using Energy Shaping and Regulation for Limit Cycle Stabilization, Generation, and Transition in Simple Locomotive Systems

This paper explores new ways to use energy shaping and regulation methods in walking systems to generate new passive-like gaits and dynamically transition between them. We recapitulate a control framework for Lagrangian hybrid systems, and show that regulating a state varying energy function is equivalent to applying energy shaping and regulating the system to a constant energy value. We then consider a simple 1-dimensional hopping robot and show how energy shaping and regulation control can be used to generate and transition between nearly globally stable hopping limit cycles. The principles from this example are then applied on two canonical walking models, the spring loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) and compass gait biped, to generate and transition between locomotive gaits. These examples show that piecewise jumps in control parameters can be used to achieve stable changes in desired gait characteristics dynamically/online.

Scheduling UAV’s on Autonomous Charging Station

The paper considers the concept of a charging station for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV, drone) fleet. The special feature of the station is its autonomy understood as independence from a constant energy source and an external module for managing its operation. It is assumed that the station gives the possibility to charge batteries of many drones simultaneously. However, the maximum number of simultaneously charged drones is limited by a temporary total charging current (i.e. there is a power limit). The paper proposes a mathematical model of charging a single drone battery. The problem of finding a schedule of charging tasks is formulated, in which the minimum time of the charging process for all drones is assumed as the optimization criterion. Searching for a solution to this problem is performed by an autonomous charging station with an appropriate computing module equipped with a Variable Speed Processor (VSP). To that end an appropriate algorithm is activated (i.e. a computational job), the execution of which consumes a certain amount of limited energy available to the charging station. In the paper we consider energy-aware execution of an implementation of an evolutionary algorithm (EA) as a computational job. The possibility of saving energy by controlling the CPU frequency of a VSP is analyzed. A characteristic feature of the processor is the non-linear relationship between the processing rate and electric power usage. According to this relationship, it turns out that slower execution of the computational job saves electrical energy consumed by the processor.

Wormhole solutions in f(R) gravity theory for Chaplygin gas scenario

This paper deals with some wormhole solutions which are obtained by taking two different shape functions along with zero tidal force. For obtaining wormhole solutions, anisotropic fluid and a equation of state [Formula: see text] related by Chaplygin gas are considered, where [Formula: see text] is the energy density, [Formula: see text] is tangential pressure and [Formula: see text] is positive constant. Energy conditions are examined for two different models, and it is found that major energy conditions are satisfied in a region.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Zener Pinning by Differently Shaped and Oriented Particles

Zener pinning between a curved Cu grain boundary (GB) and a differently shaped and oriented Ag particle has been simulated via molecular dynamics. The computed magnitudes of the maximum pinning force agreed with theoretical predictions only when the force was small. As the force increased, discrepancy became obvious. Through careful inspection of the structures of the Cu–Ag interfaces, detailed interaction processes, and variation of the Cu GB during the interaction, the discrepancy is found to correlate with GB faceting, which very likely reduces the maximum pinning force and facilitates boundary passage. GB anisotropy and/or interface characteristics are also found to slightly contribute to the discrepancy. These findings suggest that the assumption of an isotropic GB with constant energy utilized in previous theoretical studies for deriving the maximum pinning force might be inappropriate and that an accurate maximum pinning force could not be predicted without knowing the effects of GB evolution together with detailed properties of both GBs and interfaces.

Fructan Structure and Metabolism in Overwintering Plants

In northern regions, annual and perennial overwintering plants such as wheat and temperate grasses accumulate fructan in vegetative tissues as an energy source. This is necessary for the survival of wintering tissues and degrading fructan for regeneration in spring. Other types of wintering plants, including chicory and asparagus, store fructan as a reserve carbohydrate in their roots during winter for shoot- and spear-sprouting in spring. In this review, fructan metabolism in plants during winter is discussed, with a focus on the fructan-degrading enzyme, fructan exohydrolase (FEH). Plant fructan synthase genes were isolated in the 2000s, and FEH genes have been isolated since the cloning of synthase genes. There are many types of FEH in plants with complex-structured fructan, and these FEHs control various kinds of fructan metabolism in growth and survival by different physiological responses. The results of recent studies on the fructan metabolism of plants in winter have shown that changes in fructan contents in wintering plants that are involved in freezing tolerance and snow mold resistance might be largely controlled by regulation of the expressions of genes for fructan synthesis, whereas fructan degradation by FEHs is related to constant energy consumption for survival during winter and rapid sugar supply for regeneration or sprouting of tissues in spring.