scholarly journals Two kinds of asymmetry in spring wheat leaf blade

2021 ◽  
Vol 839 (3) ◽  
pp. 032037
Author(s):  
G Baranov ◽  
I Yu Vinokurov ◽  
I E Zykov ◽  
L V Fedorova ◽  
A M Antsyshkina
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Wheat Leaf

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND MOISTURE STRESS ON GROWTH, ASSIMILATE DISTRIBUTION AND MOISTURE USE BY MANITOU SPRING WHEAT

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
H. R. DAVIDSON
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Early Stress ◽  
Dough Stage

The effects of early moisture stress [tillering (Tg) to last leaf visible (LLV)], late moisture stress [LLV to anthesis (AN)], and three rates of N fertilizer (44, 88 and 132 kg N/ha) on the development and moisture use characteristics of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Manitou’) were determined under simulated irrigation in the growth chamber at day/night temperatures of 27 °C/12 °C (T27/12) and 22 °C/12 °C (T22/12). Plant height was unaffected by N and by early stress, but was reduced by late stress. Number of tillers increased until LLV, then decreased sharply and remained constant to maturity. More tillers were initiated at T27/12 than at T22/12, but by maturity there was little difference. Leaf blade photosynthetic area reached its maximum at LLV, while the non-leaf blade photosynthetic area reached its maximum at AN and constituted 75% of the total photosynthetic area at the milk dough stage. Heads comprised no more than 9% of the photosynthetic area at any time. Total plant matter accumulated sigmoidally, but at T27/12 and low N rates, plants lost total dry weight after the milk dough stage. Dry matter of the vegetative plant parts increased until the milk dough stage, then stems in particular, and roots to a lesser extent, lost weight. Head weight increased linearly at about 17.5 mg/head/day. Dry matter accumulation was directly proportional to N applied, inversely related to temperature, temporarily retarded by early stress and markedly reduced by late stress. Although stems were the dominant vegetative dry matter sink, leaves were the dominant N sink. A combination of high temperature, high N and moisture stress resulted in a temporary loss of N from the plants between LLV and the milk dough stage. As maturation proceeded, N assimilates appeared to move from leaves to roots into stems and thence into heads. The average rate of N accumulation in the heads was 0.22 and 0.27 mg/head/day at T22/12 and T27/12, respectively. Some N was lost by denitrification. The amount and rate of evapotranspiration were directly proportional to N applied and in general inversely related to moisture stress. The rate of moisture use was generally more rapid at T27/12, but the amount used was no different from that at T22/12. Plants stressed early recovered and used water at the same rate as unstressed plants, but plants stressed late did not recover.

scholarly journals Effects of Crop Rotation on Spring Wheat Yield and Pest Occurrence in Different Tillage Systems: A Multi-Year Experiment in Finnish Growing Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Jalli ◽  
Erja Huusela ◽  
Heikki Jalli ◽  
Katja Kauppi ◽  
Mari Niemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Turnip Rape ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Wheat Leaf

Crop rotation and soil tillage are among key factors impacting cropping system productivity, pest management and soil health. To assess their role in northern cropping systems, we quantified the effects of crop rotation on spring wheat yield in different tillage systems based on a long-term (2005–2017) field experiment in southwestern Finland. In addition, effects of crop rotation on weeds, plant pathogens, and pest insects were assessed. Three types of crop rotation were compared: monoculture (spring wheat), 2-year rotation (spring wheat—turnip rape—spring wheat—barley) and 4-year rotation (spring wheat—turnip rape—barley—pea) under no-tillage and plowing. A diversified crop rotation improved spring wheat yield by up to 30% in no-tillage and by 13% under plowing compared with monoculture. Overall, the yield quantity and quality differences between crop rotations were higher in no-tillage plots than in plowed plots. The occurrence of weed species in spring wheat before herbicide control was highest in the four-year crop rotation and lowest in the wheat monoculture. For plant diseases, wheat leaf blotch disease severity, mainly caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, was lowest in the most diverse crop rotation. On average, wheat leaf blotch disease severity was 20% less when wheat was grown every fourth year compared with wheat monoculture. The effect of crop rotation on stem and root diseases became apparent after 6 years of rotation and the disease index was lowest in the most diverse crop rotation. Neither rotation nor tillage affected the control need of wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana). Based on our results, diverse crop rotations including cereals, oilseed crops, and legumes increase yield and reduce plant disease severity of spring wheat in Finland, with the magnitude being larger in no-tillage systems.

Water Pathways in Wheat Leaves. II. Water-Conducting Capacities and Vessel Diameters of Different Vein Types, and the Behaviour of the Integrated Vein Network

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Altus ◽  
MJ Canny ◽  
DR Blackmann
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Physical Spaces ◽  
Cross Connect ◽  
Large Vessels

The water-conducting capacity of the lateral veins of the wheat leaf, measured by the velocity of movement of a dye marker, decreases with distance along the leaf towards the tip. The laterals contain a number of small (up to 10 �m) diameter vessels as well as two or three relatively large (up to 45 �m) diameter vessels. The largest vessel in each decreases in diameter with distance along the leaf towards the tip, resulting in the decreased velocity of conduction. The large vessels represent physical spaces through which laminar flow can occur; however, the flow rate is slower than that predicted by the Hagen-Poiseuille law for pipes of equivalent diameter. The intermediate veins contain only several 7-10 �m diameter vessels, and the diameter of the largest vessel in these veins does not change along the length of the leaf. The number of 7-10 �m diameter vessels per vein also remains unchanged. The water- conducting capacity of an intermediate vein is therefore constant along the length of the leaf. The transverse veins that cross-connect neighbouring longitudinal veins all have similar water-conducting capacity regardless of location in the leaf. These measurements support the view that the lateral veins serve to supply water from the base of the leaf to the tip, while the intermediate and transverse veins form a distribution network carrying the water across the leaf to the mesophyll cells. A theoretical analysis is made of the behaviour of the network as an integrated system. Assumed transpiration rates are imposed on the model to find what the pressure gradient along the leaf blade is, what pressures would be produced at the nodes of the network, and what fluxes would result through the vein elements of it. The model predicts movements of water in the intermediate veins very similar to those observed in a previous paper and suggests that the network responds to changes in supply or demand by producing minima of similar pressure in the distributing veins at different distances from the supplying longitudinal veins.

scholarly journals Аналіз фітотоксичності нафтозабруднених ґрунтів

2015 ◽  
pp. 41-43
Author(s):  
Л. А. Колєснікова ◽  
М. П. Федюшко
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Model Test ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Test Culture ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Morphological Indices ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Stimulation Of

Проведено аналіз токсичного впливу сирої нафтина анатомо-морфологічні показники листкової плас-тинки (далі – ЛП) проростків пшениці ярої, вироще-них на ґрунті з модельованим забрудненням. Встанов-лено три основні ефекти впливу сирої нафти на мор-фологію ЛП модельної тест-культури׃ стимуляціяанаболічних процесів хлоренхіми; резистентність(стійкість проростків пшениці ярої до впливу наф-тового забруднення ґрунту); фітотоксичний ефект,що викликає розвиток атрофії та деструкції клітинхлоренхіми й призводить до загибелі проростків. The analysis of the toxic effects of crude oil on anatomical and morphological indices of leaf blade (LB) seedlings of spring wheat which were grown on soil with simulated contamination was held. There are three main effects of crude oil on the morphology of the LB model test culture were identified׃ stimulation of chlorine anabolic processes; resistance, the resistance of seedlings of spring wheat to the effects of oil contamination of soil; phytotoxic effect, causing the development of atrophy and destruction of chlorenchyma cells and leads to death of seedlings.

scholarly journals First Detection in North America of Virulence in Wheat Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) to Seedling Plants of Wheat with Lr21

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 1032-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kolmer ◽  
J. A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Leaf Rust ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Leaf rust resistance gene Lr21 is present in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars grown in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. Isolates of Puccinia triticina, the causal organism of wheat leaf rust, with virulence to this gene have not been previously detected in annual virulence surveys in the United States. (2). In 2010, hard red spring wheat cvs. Faller, RB07 (1), and Glenn, all with Lr21, had 0 to 5% levels of leaf rust severity, which was higher than in previous years in research plots in North Dakota and Minnesota. Leaf rust collections from wheat cultivars and germplasm lines with Lr21 at three locations in Minnesota and North Dakota were increased on plants of the leaf rust susceptible wheat Thatcher and the Thatcher line with Lr21. Single uredinia from the collections were isolated and increased on seedlings of Thatcher. The single uredinial isolates were inoculated to 7- to 8-day-old seedling plants of the set of 19 differential lines that are currently used in the leaf rust virulence surveys (2). Thatcher lines with Lr3bg, Lr14b, Lr20, and Lr23 were also tested. The isolates were also inoculated to seedling plants of hard red spring wheat cultivars with Lr21: Glenn, Steele-ND, Faller, RB07, Amidon, AC Cora, and McKenzie (3). Previous standardized methods for growing seedling plants, increase of rust isolates, inoculation, incubation, and evaluation of infection types (IT) were used (2). All tests with the Thatcher differential lines and the cultivars with Lr21 were repeated at least twice. Virulence phenotypes were described based on virulence to the 19 differentials in the P. triticina virulence nomenclature system used in the United States. (2). Two virulence phenotypes, TFBJQ and TFBGQ, with virulence to Lr21 were found at the three locations. TFBJQ is virulent (IT 3 to 4) to genes Lr1, 2a, 2c, 3, 10, 14a, 14b, 20, 21, 24, 26, 28, and avirulent (IT 0 to 2+) to genes Lr3ka, Lr3bg, Lr9, Lr11, Lr17, Lr18, Lr30, LrB, and Lr39/41. TFBGQ was avirulent to Lr14a and Lr20, but identical to TFBJQ for virulence and avirulence to the other resistance genes. Isolates of both phenotypes were virulent on seedlings of Faller, Glenn, RB07 (1), Steele-ND, AC Cora, and Amidon. McKenzie had IT of 2+ due to the additional presence of Lr16 (3). Both TFBJQ and TFBGQ have intermediate IT of 2+ to Lr16; IT 2+3 to Lr23, and are completely virulent to Lr1, Lr2a, and Lr10 that are present in hard red spring wheat cultivars. Both phenotypes have high IT to Lr24 and Lr26 that are present in soft red winter wheat and hard red winter wheat cultivars. The Lr21 virulent phenotypes likely arose by mutation from the group of P. triticina genotypes in the simple sequence repeat group NA-5 (4) that have intermediate IT of ;2- to ;2+ to the Thatcher line with Lr21. P. triticina isolates with virulence to Lr21 are a new threat to wheat production since in 2010 more than 50% of the hard red spring wheat acreage in Minnesota and North Dakota relied on Lr21 for effective resistance to leaf rust. References: (1) J. A. Anderson et al. J. Plant Regist. 3:175, 2009. (2) J. A. Kolmer et al. Plant Dis. 94:775, 2010. (3) B. McCallum and P. Seto-Goh. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 32:387, 2010. (4) M. E. Ordoñez and J. A. Kolmer. Phytopathology 99:750, 2009.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document