dry matter accumulation
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Author(s):  
Tran Xuan Minh ◽  
Nguyen Cong Thanh ◽  
Tran Hau Thin ◽  
Nguyen Thi Huong Giang ◽  
Nguyen Thi Tieng

Background: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the oil and cash crops in Vietnam. However, owing to the lack of appropriate management practices, the production and the area under cultivation of peanut have remained low. Mulches are the key factors contributing to promoting crop development and early harvest and increasing yields. Methods: The experiment consisted of three mulch treatments, viz., plastic mulch, straw mulch and no-mulch control. All the treatments were replicated thrice in a complete randomized block design. Result: In the conditions of mulch, the plant growth parameters (germination rate, growing time, plant height, number of branches per plant), leaf area index, the number of nodules per plant, dry matter accumulation, yield components and yield of peanut was much higher than that of no-mulch control. Among the mulches, plastic mulch was found superior to straw mulch in the pod yields and water-use efficiency and moisture conservation, thereby can be considered as a reliable practice for increasing the productivity of peanut on the coastal sandy land in Nghe An province, Vietnam.


Author(s):  
Rekha Ratanoo ◽  
S.S. Walia ◽  
K.S. Saini ◽  
G.S. Dheri

Background: Inclusion of legume crops in multiple cropping systems has become crucial to increase the sustainability of agroecosystems. Short duration mung bean can be easily fitted into many cropping sequences which also turns the farming highly remunerative along with strengthening the sustainability. The current study was aimed to evaluate residual effect of nutrient management on performance of summer mung bean in a gobhi sarson - summer mung bean sequence. Methods: During the period of 2016-17 and 2017-18 different doses of chemical fertilizers (NPK), combination of FYM with chemical fertilizers and different biofertilizers alone as well as their combination were evaluated to find out their residual effect on summer mung bean grown after the gobhi sarson crop. The data on growth parameters, yield attributes viz; plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100- seed weight were collected. The seed and biological yield from different treatments was also evaluated. Result: All growth parameters, yield attributes, seed and biological yield of summer mung bean were affected significantly with chemical fertilizers, their combined application with FYM treatments as well as different biofertilizers treatments applied to preceding gobhi sarson. Growth and yield significantly improved with each incremental dose of chemical fertilizers i.e. from 0 to 50% RDF, 50 to 75% RDF, 75 to 100% RDF while 50% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 being the best treatment. The treatment with consortium showed significantly maximum yield and growth parameters followed by combined application of Azotobacter + PSB, PSB alone, Azotobacter alone and no inoculation treatments, respectively.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262099
Author(s):  
Md Jahirul Islam ◽  
Md Jalal Uddin ◽  
Mohammad Anwar Hossain ◽  
Robert Henry ◽  
Mst. Kohinoor Begum ◽  
...  

Drought tolerance is a complex trait controlled by many metabolic pathways and genes and identifying a solution to increase the resilience of plants to drought stress is one of the grand challenges in plant biology. This study provided compelling evidence of increased drought stress tolerance in two sugar beet genotypes when treated with exogenous putrescine (Put) at the seedling stage. Morpho-physiological and biochemical traits and gene expression were assessed in thirty-day-old sugar beet seedlings subjected to drought stress with or without Put (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM) application. Sugar beet plants exposed to drought stress exhibited a significant decline in growth and development as evidenced by root and shoot growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, and gene expression. Drought stress resulted in a sharp increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (89.4 and 118% in SBT-010 and BSRI Sugar beet 2, respectively) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (35.6 and 27.1% in SBT-010 and BSRI Sugar beet 2, respectively). These changes were strongly linked to growth retardation as evidenced by principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap clustering. Importantly, Put-sprayed plants suffered from less oxidative stress as indicated by lower H2O2 and MDA accumulation. They better regulated the physiological processes supporting growth, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic pigmentation and gas exchange, relative water content; modulated biochemical changes including proline, total soluble carbohydrate, total soluble sugar, and ascorbic acid; and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression. PCA results strongly suggested that Put conferred drought tolerance mostly by enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities that regulated homeostasis of reactive oxygen species. These findings collectively provide an important illustration of the use of Put in modulating drought tolerance in sugar beet plants.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Luo ◽  
Xiaoting Yuan ◽  
Chen Xie ◽  
Shanshan Liu ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
...  

Insufficient and unbalanced biomass supply inhibited soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield formation in the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping (IS) and monoculture soybean (SS). A field experiment was conducted to explore the soybean yield increase mechanism of DA-6 in IS and SS treatments. In this 2-year experiment, compact maize “Denghai 605” and shade-tolerant soybean “Nandou 25” were selected as cultivated materials. DA-6 with four concentrations, i.e., 0 mg/L (CK), 40 mg/L (D40), 60 mg/L (D60), and 80 mg/L (D80), were sprayed on soybean leaves at the beginning of flowering stage of soybean. Results showed that DA-6 treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased soybean grain yield, and the yield increase ratio was higher in IS than SS. The leaf area index values and net photosynthesis rate of IS peaked at D60 and were increased by 32.2–49.3% and 24.1–27.2% compared with the corresponding CK. Similarly, DA-6 treatments increased the aboveground dry matter and the amount of soybean dry matter accumulation from the R1 stage to the R8 stage (VDMT) and highest at D60 both in IS and SS. D60 increased the VDMT by 29.0–47.1% in IS and 20.7–29.2% in SS. The TRG at D60 ranged 72.4–77.6% in IS and 61.4–62.5% in SS. The MDA content at D60 treatment was decreased by 38.3% in IS and 25.8% in SS. The active grain-filling day in IS was about 7 days longer than in SS. In D60 treatment, the Vmean and Vmax increased by 6.5% and 6.5% in IS and 5.7% and 4.3% in SS compared with the corresponding CK. Although the pod number and hundred-grain weight were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by DA-6 treatments, the grains per pod were maintained stable. The pod number and hundred-grain weight were increased by 30.1–36.8% and 4.5–6.7% in IS and 6.3–13% and 3.6–5.6% in SS. Thus, the grain yield at D60 was increased by 36.7–38.4% in IS and 21.7–26.6% in SS. DA-6 treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased soybean grain yield and peaked D60 treatments both in IS and SS.


Author(s):  
M. O. Cherniak

Purpose. To study agronomic measures for the care of winter wheat: the use of foliar fertilization and protection against weeds with sulfonylureas. Methods. Field and laboratory. Results. It was investigated that the application of Bioforge anti-stress fertilizer did not significantly affect the growth of photosynthetic potential of crops, as the leaf surface area was not significantly different. In addition to the area of the photosynthetic leaf surface, there is a more accurate indicator, that is net productivity of photosynthesis, which can, in our opinion, more accurately show whether the effects of plant protection products against weeds lead to changes in physiological processes in the plant. the mechanism of action of the anti-stress agent is somewhat different. After all, the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants can be such that for a relatively small area of leaves you can get better rates of dry matter accumulation. The best indicators of photosynthetic potential for the use of plant protection products in autumn were identified with the use of such products as Granstar Pro 75, WG, Logran 75, WG, Harmony 75, WG, for introduction into the phenophase BBCH 10–13, and in spring for use in BBCH 27–29 in combination with Bioforge and separately. However, the introduction of PIC 75, WG, to form the best photosynthetic potential of winter wheat crops should be carried out in the phase of BBCH 7–9 in autumn or spring in BBCH 25–26. We also investigated that the use of Bioforge anti-stress fertilizer did not significantly affect the growth of photosynthetic potential of crops. Conclusions. It was determined that the use of the anti-stress agent Bioforge had a positive effect on the condition of plants and their accumulation of dry matter. Accordingly, the best indicators of net productivity of wheat photosynthesis were obtained with the use in autumn of such products as Granstar Pro 75, WG, Logran 75, WG, Harmony 75, WG, for introduction into the phenophase BBCH 10–13, and spring for use in BBCH 27–29 in combination with Bioforge. However, the introduction of PIC 75, WG, to form the best photosynthetic potential of winter wheat crops should be carried out in the phase of BBCH 7–9 in autumn or spring in BBCH 25–26 in combination with Bioforge.


Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Shoutian Ma ◽  
Fujian Mei ◽  
Tongchao Wang ◽  
Zhandong Liu ◽  
Shouchen Ma

Increasing planting density is an important ways to increase maize yield. A hot topic of conversation in the current research is how to improve crop light efficiency and yield potential by optimizing the cultivation mode under high density planting is a hot topic in current research. Thus, in this study, a field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of stereo-planting patterns on water and the utilization light resource and maize yields. Planting patterns included the conventional flat planting pattern (as the control, CK) and the stereo-planting in ridge and furrow (T). Each planting pattern had three planting densities, i.e., 60,000 plants ha−1 (D1), 75,000 plants ha−1 (D2) and 90,000 plants ha−1 (D3). The results showed that stereo-planting affected the physiological characteristics of plants by changing the spatial distribution of soil moisture. At the silking stage (R1), photosynthetic rate (Pn) of plants on the ridge was similar to CK, and transpiration rate (Tr) was significantly lower than that of CK. Pn of maize in the furrow was significantly higher than that of CK, and Tr was similar to CK. Stereoscopic planting had different effects on intraspecific competition intensity in maize population in different growing stages. In the six-leaf stage (V6), stereo-planting increased competition intensity of maize on the ridge, but lowered that of maize in the furrow by affecting the spatial distribution of soil moisture. During the R1 stage, stereo-planting increased the light transmittance rate within the canopy and eased the plant’s competition for light by reducing plant height and leaf area of maize under three density conditions. Stereo-planting had no effect on grain yield and dry matter accumulation of ridge-planted maize in the later growing stage, but it did increased the dry matter accumulation and grain yield of furrow-planted maize due to the improvement of the light environment and photosynthetic characteristics of the population. In two test years, stereo-planting increased 5.0–11.0% average yield of maize compared to CK under three density conditions. These results indicate that stereo-planting can reduce the plant’s competition for light and water resources and improve its physiological traits of plant by optimizing its spatial distribution of soil moisture and canopy structure, thus further increasing grain yield of maize under high-density planting conditions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Mamunur Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Mofizur Rahman Jahangir ◽  
Mohammad Golam Kibria ◽  
Mahmud Hossain ◽  
Md Hosenuzzaman ◽  
...  

The critical limit for zinc (Zn) varies from 0.38 to 2 µg/g soil depending on the crop and soil type. However, the critical limit for Zn was not explored recently for rice and potato cultivation in the floodplain soils of Bangladesh. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the critical limits of Zn in soil and plants for rice and potato cultivation in two agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh. The soil samples were collected from 20 different locations of Old Brahmaputra and Active Ganges Floodplains with low (<0.9 µg/g), medium (0.91–1.80 µg/g) and high (>1.80 µg/g) Zn status. The experiment was laid out in a factorial and completely randomized design with two levels of Zn (Zn0 and Zn1 (0 and 4.87 kg/ha as Zn sulphate)) applied to 20 different soil samples for rice and potato cultivation using three replications. The critical limit of Zn was determined through a graphical and statistical approach and crops were harvested at the stem elongation (for rice) and tuber filling (for potato) stage. The critical limit of Zn in soil for rice was found to be 0.8 and 0.85 µg/g by graphical and statistical methods, respectively, and both methods revealed the same value (0.73 µg/g) for potato. The critical limit of Zn in rice plants was 23.9 and 24.32 µg/g, whereas in potato plants it was 27.1 and 26.61 µg/g, determined by graphical and statistical methods, respectively. The added Zn supply in soil significantly increased the dry matter accumulation in rice (by 5.6%) and potato (by 10%) compared to no Zn supply. Therefore, a significant positive response to added Zn could be observed on crop growth and yield when the Zn concentration remained below the mentioned critical level for rice and potato cultivation in floodplain soils of Bangladesh.


Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Lichao Zhai ◽  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Haipo Yao ◽  
Mengjing Zheng ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
...  

In order to explore the optimal cultivar × sowing date × plant density for summer maize (Zea mays L.) in the Northern Huang–Huai–Hai (HHH) Plain of China, field experiments were conducted over two consecutive years (2018–2019) on a loam soil in the Northern HHH Plain. A split–split plot design was employed in this study, and the main plots included three cultivars (HM1: early-maturing cultivar; ZD958: medium-maturing cultivar; DH605: late-maturing cultivar); subplots consisted of three sowing dates (SD1: June 10; SD2: June 17; SD3: June 24); sub-sub plots include two plant densities (PD1: 6.75 × 104 plants ha−1; PD2: 8.25 × 104 plants ha−1). The results showed that the effects of cultivar and plant density on grain yield of summer maize were not significant, and the sowing date was the major factor affecting the grain yield. Delayed sowing significantly decreased the grain yield of summer maize, this was due mainly to the reduced kernel weight, which is associated with the lower post-anthesis dry matter accumulation. Moreover, radiation use efficiency (RUE), temperature use efficiency (TUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly affected by cultivar, sowing date, and plant density. Selecting early- and medium-maturing cultivars was beneficial to the improvements in RUE and TUE, and plants grown at earlier sowing with higher plant density increased the RUE and TUE. The interactive analysis of cultivar × sowing date × plant density showed that the optimum grain yields of all tested cultivars were observed at SD1-PD2, and the optimum RUE and TUE for HM1, ZD958, and DH605 were observed at SD1-PD2, SD2-PD2, and SD2-PD2, respectively. The differences in the optimum grain yield, RUE, and TUE among the tested cultivars were not significant. These results suggested that plants grown at earlier sowing with reasonable dense planting had benefits of grain yield and resource use efficiency. In order to adapt to mechanized grain harvesting, early-maturing cultivar with lower grain moisture at harvest would be the better choice. Therefore, adopting early-maturing cultivars grown with earlier sowing with reasonably higher plant density would be the optimal planting pattern for summer maize production in the Northern HHH Plain of China in future.


Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1294
Author(s):  
Guoping Wang ◽  
Lu Feng ◽  
Liantao Liu ◽  
Yongjiang Zhang ◽  
Anchang Li ◽  
...  

Wheat-cotton double cropping has improved crop productivity and economic benefits per unit land area in many countries, including China. However, relay intercropping of full-season cotton and wheat, the most commonly adopted mode, is labor-intensive and unconducive to mechanization. The direct sowing of short-season cotton after wheat (CAW) has been successful, but cotton yields and economic benefits are greatly reduced. Whether the relay intercropping of short-season cotton before the wheat harvest increases cotton yields remains unclear, as does the earliness and fiber quality relative to those for CAW. Therefore, we directly planted short-season cotton after wheat harvest on 15 June (CAW) as the control and interplanted short-season cotton in wheat on 15 May (S1), 25 May (S2) and 5 June (S3), which were 30, 20 and 10 days prior to wheat harvest, respectively, from 2016 to 2018. The crop growth, yield, yield components, boll distribution, and earliness of the cotton were evaluated. The yields and earliness of short-season cotton under relay intercropping were 26.7–30.6% and 20.4–42.9% higher than those under CAW, respectively. Compared with CAW, relay intercropping treatments increased the boll density, boll weight and lint percentage by 5.6–13.1%, 12.5–24.5% and 5.8–12.7%, respectively. The dry matter accumulation and harvest index under the relay intercropping treatments were also greater than those under CAW, which might be attributed to the greater partitioning of dry matter to the seed cotton than to the boll shells. Among the relay intercropping treatments (S1, S2 and S3), the lint yield did not differ, but S1 and S2 were considerably better than S3 based on earliness and fiber quality. The analysis of the within-plant spatial boll distribution showed that more bolls were formed on the lower to middle fruiting branches and at the first fruiting sites for S1 and S2 than for S3 and CAW. Therefore, the increased earliness and fiber quality induced through early relay intercropping (S1 and S2) could be attributed to an improved spatial boll distribution compared to late relay intercropping (S3) or CAW. Conclusively, compared to late relay intercropping and CAW, early relay intercropping considerably increased the lint yield, fiber quality, and earliness by improving the yield components, boll distribution, and dry matter accumulation and partitioning. The relay intercropping of short-season cotton 20 to 30 days before wheat harvest represents a promising alternative to CAW in wheat-cotton double-cropping systems in the Yellow River Basin of China and other regions with similar conditions.


Author(s):  
E. D. Elemi ◽  
P. O. Ukatu ◽  
G. F. Uwak ◽  
L. J. Agah

Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. locally known as “rizga” is an important indigenous tuber crop in Nigeria which is currently endangered. One major factor that causes disappearance of this species, is the lower agronomic recommendations developed for growers and lack of information about nutrient contents leading to loss of interest in its cultivation. A field experiment was therefore conducted during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons to determine the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and variety on physiological indices as an attempt to conserve and evaluate the potential of the crop in food security, source of income and its adaptation in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments consisted four levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (­0, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha), respectively and two varieties (vat Riyom and vat Loang’at). Results from analysis of variance showed that nitrogen and phosphorus applied at 90 kg/ha significantly produced higher physiological indices in both years. Beyond this rate, there was a decline in physiological indices resulting in decrease in starch content and dry matter accumulation. Harvest index indicated a positive relationship between the proportion of the biological yield and nutrient levels. Although, varietal difference was not significant on harvest index. This is an indication that HI is purely a genetic trait as affected by environmental factors. It was therefore concluded that, for high yield of livingstone potato, soils should be treated with a moderate application rate of 90 kg/ha nitrogen and phosphorus for enhanced physiological indices which are measures of growth and productivity per unit area of land in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.


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