Optimizing ladle-refining performance during treating special steel melts for aviation technology

Abstract GUTERL M-2 is a molybdenum-tungsten type of high-speed steel with fairly good resistance to decarburization. It is a general-purpose high-speed steel and it provides excellent resistance to abrasion and shock. It is used widely for cutting tools. Among its many applications are hack saws, circular saws, lathe tools, gear cutters, planer tools and wood knives. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-387. Producer or source: Guterl Special Steel Corporation.

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GUTERL S-5

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ts0357 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 28 (12) ◽

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Special Steel ◽

Repeated Impacts ◽

Steel Corporation

Abstract GUTERL S-5 is a shock-resisting steel recommended for severe and repeated impacts in service. It has an excellent combination of toughness and hardness to survive the high stresses in service and to resist abrasion and wear. It is normally hardened by austenitizing and quenching in oil but it can be water quenched successfully with proper precautions. Its many uses include hammers, hand chisels, boiler punches, shear blades and pneumatic tools. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-357. Producer or source: Guterl Special Steel Corporation.

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Nucleation of SiO$$_{2}$$-CaO-Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ Slag in Oxidative Ladle Refining of Metallurgical Grade Silicon

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B ◽

10.1007/s11663-021-02132-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erlend L. Bjørnstad ◽

Gabriella Tranell

Keyword(s):

Liquid Alloy ◽

Molten Slag ◽

Liquid Structure ◽

Theoretical Description ◽

Metallurgical Grade Silicon ◽

Ladle Refining ◽

Active Nature ◽

Process Behavior ◽

Surface Active ◽

Grade Silicon

AbstractOxidative ladle refining (OLR) is the most used refining method in industrial production of metallurgical grade silicon. OLR is performed by purging the liquid alloy with oxygen-enhanced air at 1823 K to 1873 K, reacting with silicon and the primary slag forming impurities to a SiO$$_{2}$$ 2 -CaO-Al$$_{2}$$ 2 O$$_{3}$$ 3 slag. To further increase our capability to control this process, it is paramount to understand how the slag nucleates and forms, and represent it such that it is useful for predicting and controlling the process behavior. This work aims to formulate a comprehensive theoretical description of slag nucleation and formation at nano/microscale using classical macroscale thermodynamics, bridging these spatial regimes. To achieve this, the work argues that silica’s liquid structure allows its nuclei to exhibit “well defined” surfaces. Furthermore, silica is predicted to be highly surface active, so if its concentration is high while the slag nucleus is small, the SiO$$_{2}$$ 2 -CaO-Al$$_{2}$$ 2 O$$_{3}$$ 3 slag should retain silica’s surface properties. An experiment confirmed the surface active nature of silica in the SiO$$_{2}$$ 2 -CaO-Al$$_{2}$$ 2 O$$_{3}$$ 3 system. It was also shown that increasing the slag’s calcia concentration has a greater effect on the interfacial tension between the molten slag and liquid alloy than alumina, confirming industrial observations of the coupling between refining rate and relative alloy/slag composition.

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