Genetic Diversity of Integrase (IN) Sequences in Antiretroviral Treatment-Naive and Treatment-Experienced HIV Type 2 Patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1003-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Xu ◽  
J. Anderson ◽  
B. Ferns ◽  
P. Cook ◽  
A. Wildfire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Treatment Naïve

HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and Transmitted Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Treatment-Naive Individuals from Amapá State, Northern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindomar dos Anjos Silva ◽  
Flavia Divino ◽  
Márlisson Octávio da Silva Rêgo ◽  
Ivina Geselle Lima Lopes ◽  
Cláudia Maria Nóbrega Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Hiv 1

Koala retrovirus genetic diversity and transmission dynamics within captive koala populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (38) ◽  
pp. e2024021118
Author(s):  
Briony A. Joyce ◽  
Michaela D. J. Blyton ◽  
Stephen D. Johnston ◽  
Paul R. Young ◽  
Keith J. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Additional Challenge ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Southeast Queensland ◽  
Koala Retrovirus

Koala populations are currently in rapid decline across Australia, with infectious diseases being a contributing cause. The koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a gammaretrovirus present in both captive and wild koala colonies that presents an additional challenge for koala conservation in addition to habitat loss, climate change, and other factors. Currently, nine different subtypes (A to I) have been identified; however, KoRV genetic diversity analyses have been limited. KoRV is thought to be exogenously transmitted between individuals, with KoRV-A also being endogenous and transmitted through the germline. The mechanisms of exogenous KoRV transmission are yet to be extensively investigated. Here, deep sequencing was employed on 109 captive koalas of known pedigree, housed in two institutions from Southeast Queensland, to provide a detailed analysis of KoRV transmission dynamics and genetic diversity. The final dataset included 421 unique KoRV sequences, along with the finding of an additional subtype (KoRV-K). Our analysis suggests that exogenous transmission of KoRV occurs primarily between dam and joey, with evidence provided for multiple subtypes, including nonendogenized KoRV-A. No evidence of sexual transmission was observed, with mating partners found to share a similar number of sequences as unrelated koala pairs. Importantly, both distinct captive colonies showed similar trends. These findings indicate that breeding strategies or antiretroviral treatment of females could be employed as effective management approaches in combating KoRV transmission.

Abstract 16474: BP Reduction With the Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes is Similar in Treatment Naïve as in Those on One or ≥ 2 Antihypertensive Agents - Further Insights From a Dedicated 24h ABPM Study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiseppe Mancia ◽  
Christopher P Cannon ◽  
Illka Tikkanen ◽  
Cordula Zeller ◽  
Ludwin Ley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Antihypertensive Treatment ◽  
Ace Inhibitor ◽  
Antihypertensive Effect ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Antihypertensive Agents ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Treatment Naïve

In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) hypertension is accompanied by an increase in CV risk which can be substantially attenuated if BP is lowered by drug treatment. Empagliflozin (EMPA) is a new glucose-lowering agent of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) class, which has been shown to reduce body weight and also lower BP. It is not known, however, whether the EMPA-related BP lowering effect is preserved in patients under background antihypertensive treatment. We investigated the effect of 12 weeks with EMPA on 24 hour (h) mean BP in 823 T2D patients (age 60.2 ± 9.0 years, HbA1c 7.9 ± 0.7%, office systolic (S)/diastolic (D) BP 142.1 ± 12.3/83.9 ± 7.0 mmHg, mean ± SD) in a study with a randomized design. EMPA was given at 10mg (n=276) or 25mg (n=276) daily; 271 patients were randomized to placebo. Patients were under no, 1 or ≥ 2 antihypertensive drugs (n= 62, 353 and 408, respectively) such as an ACE inhibitor (ACEI), an angiotensin receptor antagonist (ARB) or a diuretic (D). HbA1c and weight were significantly reduced with EMPA 10 mg (mean [SE] -0.62% [0.05], -1.5 kg [0.2]) and EMPA 25 mg (-0.65 [0.05], -2.0 [0.2]) relative to placebo (all p < 0.001). As shown in the Table, compared to placebo, EMPA at the lower or higher dose reduced 24h mean SBP and DBP in all groups. With the lower dose the BP reduction was somewhat less pronounced in patients with ≥ 2 antihypertensive drugs whereas with the higher dose the BP effect was similar irrespective of the presence and intensity of background antihypertensive treatment. The antihypertensive effect of EMPA was preserved also irrespective of the type of treatment (D and ACEIs or ARBs), especially at the higher dose. Thus, EMPA reduces BP in patients with T2D regardless of whether they are untreated or more or less intensively treated for hypertension.

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