Machu Picchu

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willie Hiatt
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Western World ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Agricultural Terraces ◽  
Cultural Patrimony ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
The Andes ◽  
15Th Century

Machu Picchu is an Inca royal estate constructed in the mid-15th century in Peru’s picturesque high jungle. As a seasonal retreat for celebrations, religious rituals, and administrative affairs when the Incas traveled beyond Cuzco, Machu Picchu was abandoned soon after Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Andes in 1531. The site was largely lost to the Western world until 1911, when a Yale University expedition led by Hiram Bingham lay claim to the scientific and historical “discovery” of the impressive complex of white-granite buildings and agricultural terraces. Contentious debates over cultural patrimony, conservation, indigenous rights, and neoliberal exploitation have enhanced Machu Picchu’s allure as one of the most famous archaeological remains in the Western Hemisphere.

Populating Israel's Mountains while Preserving Their Environmental Quality

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnon Soffer
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Western World ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Agricultural Terraces ◽  
Unusual Phenomenon ◽  
And Migration ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Mountain Population

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Galilee Mountains were still practically a ‘closed system’, as a result of which the balance of land-use was more or less preserved. Rural settlements had then hardly developed, and stagnation of the few remaining mountain towns was observed. In general, the roads were unpaved routes, the economy served for subsistence only (based mainly on agricultural terraces), while most of the area was of forest or rocky ground serving as pasture.During the British Mandatory period, the Galilee Mountains area opened up slowly, and this process has increased ever since the establishment of the State of Israel. The Mountains are facing a tremendous increase in population as a result of natural local increase (mostly Arabs) and migration (mostly Jews). This excessive mountain population in Israel is an unusual phenomenon in comparison with other mountain regions in the western world, which have generally decreased in population though there, too, the equilibrium of land-use has been shaken—for instance in the Swiss Alps (Bugmann, 1980; Gallusser, 1980; Messerli et al., 1980), and in the Rocky Mountains of the United States (Kelly, 1980).

The Marston Manuscript of Juvenal

Traditio ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Yale University ◽  
University Library ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Private Collections

Mr. Thomas E. Marston, Curator of the Classical Collection in the Yale University Library, having already been the owner of three 15th-century manuscripts of Juvenal and Persius, which he donated in 1936 to the Yale University Library, acquired in 1953 a much older copy of Juvenal alone. This manuscript, having remained for five hundred years in private collections in Italy, first at Osimo, then at Iesi, had never been collated. Now, with Mr. Marston's generous permission, it has at length been studied and it is the findings of this study that this paper presents. It seemed best, inasmuch as the manuscript affords little new light on the tradition of the text, to restrict this report to sample readings, sufficient to establish the character of the manuscript; a complete collation, however, will be deposited for use in the Yale University Library, as well as with Mr. Marston.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mark Rice
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Central Argument

This chapter introduces the central argument of the book: Tourism was instrumental in the modern rise of Machu Picchu and its transnational character proved important in influencing the Peruvian state to embrace the Andes and the Inca as symbols of Peruvian national identity.

Jews and Jewish Communal Identity in Early America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Snyder
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Early America ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
European Contact ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Jewish Experience ◽  
The Status ◽  
European Colonization

Jewish communities in the Americas followed in the wake of European contact with the western hemisphere at the end of the 15th century, and were a byproduct of the process of European colonization. Early Jewish settlements relied on a combination of economic investment, political negotiation, social networking, and subterfuge to establish the means of communal survival. While the Jewish experience in the Americas continued to operate within the sphere of European attitudes and modalities of behavior brought over to the western hemisphere by the colonizers, the remoteness of these New World communities and the friction caused by competing inter-imperial goals eventually allowed Jews to take advantage of new economic opportunities and expand their social and political range beyond what was feasible for Jewish communities in Europe in the same period. New World colonization shifted the ways that Jews were seen within European cultures, as contact with Indigenous peoples of the Americas and the importation of Africans as slaves allowed Europeans to see Jews as comparatively less alien than they had previously been defined. While Jews, as individuals and as communities, continued to face discriminatory treatment (such as extraordinary taxation, prohibitions on voting and officeholding, scapegoating, and social exclusion), they were able to exercise many of the status privileges accorded to those with European Christian identities. These privileges included the capacity to freely pursue economic activities in trade and agriculture and to exploit enslaved peoples for their labor and for other purposes. With this elevated status came tension within the Jewish community over assimilation to European Christian norms, and an ongoing struggle to preserve Jewish identity and communal distinctiveness.

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