6. Sources of radiation

2016 ◽  
pp. 107-128
Author(s):  
A. M. Glazer
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
Neutron Sources ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infra Red

To observe diffraction from crystals it is necessary to have a source of radiation whose wavelength is of the same order as the atomic spacings. ‘Sources of radiation’ shows that the electromagnetic spectrum’s X-ray region does this nicely and describes the use of X-ray tubes. Another source of radiation is synchrotron radiation, which exhibits a number of special properties: the radiation emitted ranges from the hard X-ray region, through the ultraviolet and infra-red wavelengths up to visible light; the X-ray beam is plane-polarized within the horizontal plane; and the radiation is highly collimated in the vertical plane. Radiation from free-electron lasers, neutron sources, and electron diffraction is also discussed.

Accelerator-based X-ray sources: synchrotron radiation, X-ray free electron lasers and beyond

2019 ◽  
Vol 377 (2147) ◽  
pp. 20180231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Storage Ring ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
Beam Emittance ◽  
X Ray

The evolution of synchrotron radiation (SR) sources and related sciences is discussed to explain the ‘generation’ of the SR sources. Most of the contemporary SR sources belong to the third generation, where the storage rings are optimized for the use of undulator radiation. The undulator development allowed to reduction of the electron energy of the storage ring necessary for delivering 10 keV X-rays from the initial 6–8 GeV to the current 3 Gev. Now is the transitional period from the double-bend-achromat lattice-based storage ring to the multi-bend-achromat lattice to achieve much smaller electron beam emittance. Free electron lasers are the other important accelerator-based light sources which recently reached hard X-ray regime by using self-amplified spontaneous emission scheme. Future accelerator-based X-ray sources should be continuous wave X-ray free electron lasers and pulsed X-ray free electron lasers. Some pathways to reach the future case are discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of synchrotron science: achievements and opportunities’.

FREE-ELECTRON LASER SPECTROSCOPY OF SURFACES AND INTERFACES

1995 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.H. TOLK ◽  
J.T. MCKINLEY ◽  
G. MARGARITONDO
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Interface Energy ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
Semiconductor Interface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface And Interface ◽  
Surfaces And Interfaces ◽  
Radiation Sources

Synchrotron-radiation sources have become, since the late 1960’s, one of the fundamental experimental tools for surface and interface research. Only recently, however, a related type of photon sources - the free-electron lasers (FELs) — has begun to make important contributions to this field. For example, FELs have been used to reach unprecedented levels of accuracy and reliability in measuring semiconductor interface energy barriers. We review some of the present and proposed experiments that are made possible by the unmatched brightness and broad tunability of infrared FELs. Practical examples discussed in the review are supplied by our own programs at the Vanderbilt Free-Electron Laser. We also briefly analyze the possible future development of FELs and of their applications to surface and interface research, in particular, the possibility of x-ray FELs.

scholarly journals An introduction to the special issue onX-ray free-electron lasers

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilme Schlichting ◽  
William E. White ◽  
Makina Yabashi
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
X Ray

This issue of theJournal of Synchrotron Radiationis a special issue on X-ray free-electron lasers. Here, a brief introduction to these special issue papers is given.

Theoretical consideration of an X-ray Bragg-reflection lens using the eikonal approximation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-707
Author(s):  
Minas K. Balyan
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Theoretical Consideration ◽  
Bragg Reflection ◽  
Eikonal Approximation ◽  
Perfect Crystal ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Focus Spot

On the basis of the eikonal approximation, X-ray Bragg-case focusing by a perfect crystal with parabolic-shaped entrance surface is considered theoretically. Expressions for focal distances, intensity gain and distribution around the focus spot as well as for the focus spot sizes are obtained. The condition of point focusing is presented. The experiment can be performed using X-ray synchrotron radiation sources (particularly free-electron lasers).

scholarly journals Where is crystallography going?

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Grimes ◽  
David R. Hall ◽  
Alun W. Ashton ◽  
Gwyndaf Evans ◽  
Robin L. Owen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
Macromolecular Crystallography ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Macromolecular crystallography (MX) has been a motor for biology for over half a century and this continues apace. A series of revolutions, including the production of recombinant proteins and cryo-crystallography, have meant that MX has repeatedly reinvented itself to dramatically increase its reach. Over the last 30 years synchrotron radiation has nucleated a succession of advances, ranging from detectors to optics and automation. These advances, in turn, open up opportunities. For instance, a further order of magnitude could perhaps be gained in signal to noise for general synchrotron experiments. In addition, X-ray free-electron lasers offer to capture fragments of reciprocal space without radiation damage, and open up the subpicosecond regime of protein dynamics and activity. But electrons have recently stolen the limelight: so is X-ray crystallography in rude health, or will imaging methods, especially single-particle electron microscopy, render it obsolete for the most interesting biology, whilst electron diffraction enables structure determination from even the smallest crystals? We will lay out some information to help you decide.

scholarly journals Synchrotron radiation and X-ray free-electron lasers (X-FELs) explained to all users, active and potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014-1029
Author(s):  
Yeukuang Hwu ◽  
Giorgio Margaritondo
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Almost All

Synchrotron radiation evolved over one-half century into a gigantic worldwide enterprise involving tens of thousands of researchers. Initially, almost all users were physicists. But now they belong to a variety of disciplines: chemistry, materials science, the life sciences, medical research, ecology, cultural heritage and others. This poses a challenge: explaining synchrotron sources without requiring a sophisticated background in theoretical physics. Here this challenge is met with an innovative approach that only involves elementary notions, commonly possessed by scientists of all domains.

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