scholarly journals Sex Differences in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Modulation of Ang (1-7) Levels in Normotensive WKY Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bhatia ◽  
M. A. Zimmerman ◽  
J. C. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Enzyme Modulation

Enalapril decreases angiotensin II receptors in subfornical organ of SHR

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. H1609-H1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Nazarali ◽  
J. S. Gutkind ◽  
F. M. Correa ◽  
J. M. Saavedra
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Subfornical Organ ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Enalapril Treatment

We studied brain angiotensin II (ANG II) receptors by quantitative autoradiography in adult normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after treating the rats with the converting-enzyme inhibitor enalapril, 25 mg/kg, po daily for 14 days. Enalapril treatment decreased blood pressure in only SHR, inhibited plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by 85%, and increased plasma ANG I concentration and renin activity in both WKY and SHR. In the untreated SHR animals, ANG II receptor concentrations were higher in the subfornical organ, the area postrema, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the inferior olive when compared with the untreated WKY rats. Enalapril treatment produced a large decrease in only subfornical organ ANG II receptors of SHR. The selective reversal of the alteration in subfornical organ ANG II receptors in SHR may indicate a decreased central response to ANG II and may be related to the mode of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in this model.

scholarly journals Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 Contributes to Sex Differences in the Development of Obesity Hypertension in C57BL/6 Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1392-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha Gupte ◽  
Sean E. Thatcher ◽  
Carine M. Boustany-Kari ◽  
Robin Shoemaker ◽  
Frederique Yiannikouris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Obesity Hypertension

scholarly journals Sensitive to Infection but Strong in Defense—Female Sex and the Power of Oestradiol in the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Newson ◽  
Isaac Manyonda ◽  
Rebecca Lewis ◽  
Robert Preissner ◽  
Saskia Preissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Dominant Female

The incidence of SARS-CoV2 infections is around 15% higher in premenopausal women compared to age matched men, yet the fatality rate from COVID-19 is significantly higher in men than women for all age strata. Sex differences have also been observed in recent epidemics including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), with SARS-CoV 2 virus infection sex differences appear more dramatic. The regulation and expression of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the key for this special coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cell. 17β-oestradiol increases expression level and activity of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the alternative signaling pathway of Ang II via the angiotensin II receptor type II (AT2R) and the Mas receptor is more dominant in female sex than in male sex. Maybe a hint to explain the higher infection risk in women. The same hormonal milieu plays a major role in protecting women where morbidity and mortality are concerned, since the dominant female hormone, oestradiol, has immune-modulatory properties that are likely to be protective against virus infections. It is also known that the X chromosome contains the largest number of immune-related genes, potentially conferring an advantage to women in efficient immune responsiveness. Lifestyle factors are also likely to be contributory. Premenopausal women could possibly face higher exposure to infection (hence higher infection rates) because economic conditions are often less favorable for them with less opportunity for home office work because of jobs requiring mandatory attendance. Due to the additional task of childcare, it is likely that contact times with other people will be longer. Women generally make healthier lifestyle choices, thus reducing the disease burden that confers high risk of mortality in COVID-19 infected men. This narrative review aims to present key concepts and knowledge gaps on the effects of oestrogen associated with SARS-CoV2 infection and COVID-19 disease.

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