Faulty epigenetic reprogramming is a likely major cause of the low success rate observed in all mammals produced through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). It has been reported that treatment of reconstructed mouse embryos with the potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), results in significantly increased developmental capacity of SCNT preimplantation embryos and live offspring (Kishigami et al. 2006 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240, 183–189; Rybouchkin et al. 2006 Biol. Reprod. 74, 1083–1089; Kishigami et al. 2006 J. Reprod. Dev. 53, 165–170). Studies investigating similar reprogramming capabilities of TSA in bovine SCNT embryos report conflicting results (Akagi et al. 2007 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19, 24 abst; Iwamoto et al. 2007 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19, 48 abst). In this study, the effects of TSA treatment on in vitro development of bovine SCNT embryos were examined. Bovine fetal fibroblasts were cultured under contact inhibition for 2 to 5 days and used as donor cells for SCNT. Oocytes were aspirated from abattoir-derived ovaries, and matured in vitro for 18 h prior to enucleation. Reconstructed SCNT couplets were electrofused, and then activated 24 h post-maturation using 5 µm ionomycin followed by 2 mm dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) for 4 h. SCNT embryos were subjected to 0 (control; C-NT) or 50 nm TSA for 13 h post-ionomycin (hpi) TSAa-NT) or 13 hpi + 6 h starting from 40 hpi (TSAb-NT). IVF embryos were produced as an additional control. All embryos were cultured in KSOM supplemented with 3 mg mL–1 BSA for 7.5 days, with 5% FBS added on Day 3. Experiments were repeated 3 or 7 times, and data were analyzed a -way ANOVA procedure. Developmental rates to the blastocyst stage and total cell number of blastocysts were determined. Total cell numbers were determined by fixing blastocysts in 4% paraformaldehyde, and staining with bisbenzimide 33342, followed by microslide mounting and visualization using an epifluorescence microscope. No difference was observed in cleavage rates among the four treatment groups, C-NT, TSAa-NT, TSAb-NT, and IVF, with the rates being 66%, 75%, 73.1%, and 82.3%, respectively (P = 0.33); nor was any improvement seen in the rate of blastocyst development of TSAa-NT or TSAb-NT over C-NT embryos: 36%, 40.2%, and 30.2%, respectively (P = 0.22). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in mean total cell number of blastocysts among treatment groups: C-NT, 120.2; TSAa-NT, 124.2; TSAb-NT, 129.3; and IVF, 141.1 (P = 0.29). These results suggest that 50 nm TSA treatment immediately following activation does not affect the development of bovine SCNT preimplantation embryos.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer alters peri-implantation trophoblast differentiation in bovine embryos
