Gaining Ground: A Blueprint for Community-based International Development

Forecasts of high tourism development in Jakarta, Indonesia, where massive poverty cases also exist, has directed tourism as a way of alleviating poverty; this is usually termed “pro-poor tourism” which involves multi variant stakeholders and interests. Jakarta has widespread poor areas called “slum Kampongs”, where government and business sectors are supported by international development agencies have tried to tackle down poverty by economy-community (eco-community) based development programs. However, distinguished from those programs, slum kampong development based pro-poor tourism is yet unsupported by bureaucracy agencies. “Jakarta Hidden Tour” (see “Jakarta Hidden Tour” in Trip Advisor) a “wild” tour activity which is promoted by community movement led by Ronny Poluan indicates a term of economy and cultural (eco-cultural) based slum kampong tourism that basically can pursue a better community development and economy condition through a unique culture and real life portrait experience. This paper analyses the dilemma of “Jakarta Hidden Tour” which is claimed as a poor exhibition while in another hand tries to offer a new design and approach of pro-poor tourism by utilizing thematic Kampong development with local culture excellences as such “Green Slum Kampong in Ciliwung river”, or “Sailor Slum Kampong in North Jakarta”. Key learn from Brazil with slum kampong tourism in Santa Marta is a motivation for government to live a recognition, that like any other global/industrial policies, tourism is highly driven by political interest. By conducting a system thinking perspective base, this paper analyses how “Jakarta Hidden Tour” and government’s supporting policy will ensure eco-cultural pro-poor tourism development and how stakeholders as a system’s element need to uphold poverty alleviation towards sustainability

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Aid, social capital and local collective action: attitudes towards community-based health funds and village organizations in Rushan, Tajikistan

Community Development Journal ◽

10.1093/cdj/bsz005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 399-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eelco Jacobs ◽

Irna Hofman

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Collective Action ◽

International Development ◽

Development Aid ◽

Local Institutions ◽

Community Based ◽

External Agents ◽

Action Theories ◽

Effective Development

Abstract Despite overwhelming interest in the role of social capital in international development, attention to the interplay of community-based development aid with local collective-action dynamics in Central Asia and particularly Tajikistan has remained limited. This paper investigates donor-induced local institutions for collective action in rural Tajikistan with a focus on the introduction of a community-based health insurance. Social capital and collective-action theories are used to interpret results from qualitative research in two Rushan District villages in the Gorno-Badakhshan region. By highlighting the role of donor embeddedness, and the perceived legitimacy of different decision-making structures, the article contends that the perception of such externally-induced change depends on the community’s capacity to reach beyond the intra-communal solidarity network through bridging and linking capital. The findings suggest this can be fostered by addressing trust, and the role of effective development brokers, with due attention to power relations within communities and towards external agents.

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Values in conflict in cross-cultural architectural encounters

Evaluation Journal of Australasia ◽

10.1177/1035719x20927145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 89-94

Author(s):

David Week

Keyword(s):

International Development ◽

Papua New Guinea ◽

Professional Practice ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Thinking Styles ◽

Community Based ◽

Global Institutions ◽

Beliefs And Values ◽

Building Program ◽

Different Cultures

In an international development assistance context, in which representatives of higher income countries and global institutions meet with people of very different cultures, values can conflict. My experience working on a Community Based Building Program in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea in the 1980s introduced me to the thinking styles, beliefs and values of another culture with traditions very different from my own. Evaluators experience this conflict when they work alongside members of another culture, while at the same time adhering to established methods and values from their own culture or professional practice. To help with this, evaluators can identify the benefits in local knowledge, and assist all parties to build an awareness of both explicit and tacit values employed – including those of the evaluators themselves – while in the process of undertaking an evaluation.

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Addressing Barriers to Exclusive Breastfeeding in Mozambique: Opportunities to Strengthen Provider Counseling and Use of a Job Aid (OR30-03-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz044.or30-03-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Justine Kavle ◽

Melanie Picolo ◽

Gabriela Buccini ◽

Iracema Barros ◽

Rafael Pérez-Escamilla

Keyword(s):

Health Services ◽

International Development ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Maternal Child Health ◽

Health Providers ◽

Community Based ◽

Job Aids ◽

Early Return ◽

Breastfeeding Problems ◽

Job Aid

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this implementation science study are to 1) identify problems and challenges with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) experienced by mothers in Nampula, Mozambique, 2) gain an understanding of the quality and type of counseling on breastfeeding problems and challenges provided by facility and community-based health providers and 3) assess the use of a job aid to improve the identification of and counseling on barriers to EBF within existing health services. Methods In-depth interviews were carried out with mother-child pairs (n = 23) who ‘ever breastfed’ and had infants less than 6 months of age, as well as facility-based (n = 13), and community-based health providers (n = 10) who offered maternal, child health and/or nutrition services. Observations of breastfeeding counseling were also conducted with mothers. Following these interviews and observations, the research team and program implementers jointly developed provider job aids addressing breastfeeding challenges, which were used in training facility and community-based health providers in two districts, designated study areas. Following two months of implementation within routine health services, providers and mothers were interviewed regarding their experiences. A qualitative analysis was conducted. Results Difficulty latching, and engorgement were barriers to delayed initiation of breastfeeding, and perceptions of insufficient breastmilk and early return to fieldwork were challenges in maintaining EBF. Community providers referred women with breastfeeding problems to health facilities, yet lacked training and knowledge to provide basic breastfeeding support. Facility-based providers demonstrated some knowledge in identifying breastfeeding difficulties, yet often lacked the ability to counsel on common breastfeeding problems. The job aid was found to be useful for most providers. Conclusions This study revealed the need to strengthen counseling skills among health providers to address challenges experienced with EBF. Job aids, in tandem with adequate training and practical experience and/or case studies may equip providers to improve lactation support at the facility and community level in low and middle-income countries. Funding Sources United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

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Utilization of Positive Deviance Analysis in Evaluating Community-Based Nutrition Programs: An Application to the Dular Program in Bihar, India

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/156482650702800301 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 259-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

F. James Levinson ◽

Jessica Barney ◽

Lucy Bassett ◽

Werner Schultink

Keyword(s):

International Development ◽

Economic Status ◽

Positive Deviance ◽

Program Outcomes ◽

Community Based ◽

Malnourished Children ◽

Nutrition Programs ◽

Child Underweight ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Results

Background Positive deviance is increasingly employed in international development activities to permit the utilization of proven local solutions. Including positive deviance methods in evaluation analysis, particularly in places like Bihar, India, where the rates of child underweight hover at 55%, can help identify project activities and household characteristics that affect key outcomes. These can, in turn, inform decision-making regarding the intensification of particularly promising activities. Objectives To apply positive deviance analysis to the Dular program in Bihar, a community-based nutrition program that seeks to improve the impact of India's Integrated Child Development Services on young children. Methods In order to assure that desired program outcomes were not dependent on higher economic status, the analysis isolated a subset of program beneficiaries—the poorest children with the best nutritional outcomes—and examined the behavioral and project factors that may have brought about positive results in this subgroup. The data for this analysis were drawn from a 2005 program evaluation with a sample of 1,560 children. Results The analysis found that positive deviant children with normal nutritional status in the poorest 50% of Dular households were introduced to complementary food almost 2 months earlier (7.18 vs. 9.02 months of age) than severely malnourished children, were more than twice as likely to use soap for handwashing after defecation (25.0% vs. 11.8%), and were more than seven times as likely to have literate mothers (25.0% vs. 3.5%). Conclusions The analysis suggests that programmatic efforts relating to these activities have been particularly effective and may well deserve increased investment.

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Entangled: Evangelicals and Gangs in El Salvador

Social Forces ◽

10.1093/sf/soz147 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 424-445

Author(s):

Stephen Offutt

Keyword(s):

International Development ◽

Latin American ◽

Small Subset ◽

Community Based ◽

Community Governance ◽

Family Networks ◽

Community Based Organizations ◽

Evangelical Churches ◽

American Society ◽

Gang Life

Abstract ow are the two most ubiquitous community-based organizations in poor Salvadoran neighborhoods—gangs and evangelical churches—connected? Most studies concur with the Brenneman/Wolseth thesis, which states that evangelical churches uniquely provide people with a pathway out of gangs. This article argues that such dynamics are a relatively small subset of a broad range of interactions between evangelicals and gangs. Data from the Religion, Global Poverty, and International Development study, collected in a mid-sized Salvadoran city from 2014 to 2018, show that: (1) family networks link evangelicals and gangs; (2) evangelicals and gangs share community governance; (3) gangs infiltrate congregations; and (4) evangelical ideas and networks penetrate gang life. These findings indicate that the widely accepted “haven” perspective of evangelicals in Latin America is insufficient to explain current empirical complexities. An “entanglement” framework is thus introduced, which may be relevant to evangelicals’ relationships to contemporary Latin American society more broadly.

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Savagery, Civilization, and Property: Theories of Societal Evolution and Commons Theory

Theoretical Inquiries in Law ◽

10.1515/til-2018-0026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 507-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David B. Schorr

Keyword(s):

Early Modern ◽

International Development ◽

Human Ecology ◽

Private Property ◽

Adam Smith ◽

Development Discourse ◽

Community Based ◽

Cultural Attitudes ◽

The Enlightenment ◽

The Commons

Abstract This article argues that modern commons theory has been substantially shaped by early modern ways of thinking about the evolution of civilizations. In particular, it has hewed closely to models that gelled in the Enlightenment-era works known as “stadial theory,” by authors such as Lord Kames and Adam Smith, and passed down to the twentieth century, to theorists including Garrett Hardin, Harold Demsetz, and Elinor Ostrom. It argues that stadial thinking reached modern commons theorists largely through the disciplines of anthropology and human ecology, paying particular attention to the debate among anthropologists over aboriginal property rights, colonial and international development discourse, and neo-Malthusian conservationism. The effects of stadial theories’ influence include a belief among many that private property represents a more advanced stage of civilization than does the commons; and among others a Romantic yearning to return to an Eden of primitive and community-based commons. Thus do deep cultural attitudes, rooted in the speculative thinking of an earlier age, color today’s theories — positive and normative — of the commons.

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Implementing Care Groups for improved maternal and child nutrition: Critical factors for success from the Amalima program in rural Zimbabwe

World Nutrition ◽

10.26596/wn.202011290-107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 90-107

Author(s):

Pamela Ncube-Murakwani ◽

Shamiso Alice Moyo ◽

Mackson Maphosa ◽

Mutsa Dzimba ◽

Sijabulisiwe Beatrice Dube ◽

...

Keyword(s):

International Development ◽

Child Nutrition ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

World Health ◽

Care Group ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Community Based ◽

Maternal And Child Nutrition ◽

Care Groups ◽

Breastfeeding Rate

Over the last decade Zimbabwe has made noteworthy progress in reducing both underweight and wasting in children under the age of five years, however one in four children in Zimbabwe is stunted. The rate in the decline of the number of children stunted still falls short of meeting the World Health Assembly target, and it goes without saying that effective, innovative community-based strategies are required by the government and development partners to accelerate the rate of stunting reduction. This paper presents experiences from using the Care Group approach for promoting improved maternal, infant and young child nutrition (MIYCN) and care based on lessons from the Amalima program, a seven-year United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of Food for Peace intervention. The Amalima program has been promoting Care Groups as a community and family centred approach to improve maternal and child nutrition in Zimbabwe. Care Groups are an innovative community-based strategy that has been rolled out as part of the Amalima program activities in four food and nutrition insecure districts in Zimbabwe. The final programme evaluation suggested the program succeeded in increasing the exclusive breastfeeding rate and reducing levels of nutritional stunting among children under two years. In the present discussion paper, we present the key lessons learned and strategies we believe may have contributed to making Care Group implementation effective; we highlight the modifications that we made in Care Group implementation to ensure a context appropriate approach; and we discuss how Care Groups can be integrated into the Ministry of Health and Child Care structure. The critical factors for successful Care Group implementation have been grouped into five broad categories: conduct formative research; ensure context specific approaches & adaptive management; leverage on social capital and cohesion; invest in human capital; prioritise quality assurance & reviews.

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Impact of international donors’ new policy agenda on project collaboration between community-based women organizations and NGOs in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya

Afrika Focus ◽

10.1163/2031356x-02401005 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 33-50

Author(s):

Sophie De Feyter

Keyword(s):

International Development ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Participatory Development ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Policy Agenda ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Community Based ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Non Governmental Organizations

This article first describes the New Policy Agenda (NPA), a market-based ideology influencing donor agencies’ strategies for international development. The article then continues to discuss how community-based women organizations (CBWOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) evaluate their collaborations or ‘partnerships’ in practice in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya. We tested the research hypothesis that the NPA reduces the likelihood of achieving equitable partnerships because of its insistence on ‘contracting’ partners, i.e. creating a patron-client relationship. This was carried out through qualitative research consisting mainly of semi-structured interviews and participatory observation with NGOs and CBWO representatives working in Kibera. Research results show that the contract conditions for CBWOs to enter into a partnership may reduce the chances of the most vulnerable groups in society of obtaining assistance. This ‘contracting’ relationship may also cause a loss of CBWO members’ motivation. The NPA and its emphasis on saving time and money also has a negative impact not only on the external development actors’ knowledge about the development context, but also on the multiple accountabilities in a CB WO-NGO partnership, on the quick-fix nature of the solutions applied to remedy the Jack of accountability and on the practical implementation of ‘participatory development’ in Kibera.

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For the sustainability of the forests, the tigers and the tribals: Royal Bank of Scotland in the Kanha-Pench corridor, India

The CASE Journal ◽

10.1108/tcj-10-2019-0093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Vineeta Dutta Roy

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Corporate Social Responsibility ◽

Social Responsibility ◽

International Development ◽

Well Being ◽

Development Planning ◽

Community Based ◽

Content Type ◽

Corporate Social

Theoretical basis Poverty, business strategy and sustainable development. International development planning and poverty alleviation strategies have moved beyond centralised, top-down approaches and now emphasise decentralised, community-based approaches that incorporate actors from the community, government, non-governmental agencies and business. Collective action by Bottom of the Pyramid residents gives them greater control in self-managing environmental commons and addressing the problems of environmental degradation. Co-creation and engaging in deep dialogue with stakeholders offer significant potential for launching new businesses and generating mutual value. The case study rests on the tenets of corporate social responsibility. It serves as an example of corporate best practice towards ensuring environmental sustainability and community engagement for providing livelihood support and well-being. It illustrates the tool kit of building community-based adaptive capacities against climate change. Research methodology The field-based case study was prepared from inputs received from detailed interviews of company functionaries. Company documents are shared by the company and used with their permission. Secondary data accessed from newspapers, journal articles available online and information from the company website. Case overview/synopsis The case study is about the coming together of several important agencies working in the areas of forest and wildlife conservation, climate change adaptive planning for ecosystems and communities, social upliftment and corporate social responsibility in the Kanha Pench landscape of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. The challenges are many. For one, the landscape is a rapidly degrading one, if interventions for its revival are not put in place soon enough, it may not only jeopardise the survival of its human inhabitants, which are already living here in poverty, but it will extinguish the chances of the long-term sustainability of the species of tigers living in the protected tiger reserves of Kanha and Pench. Complexity academic level The case study would be helpful for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying sustainability and corporate social responsibility.

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