scholarly journals β-Lactolin, a Whey-Derived Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr Lactopeptide, Promotes Cerebral Blood Flow During Cognitive Tasks: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 889-889
Author(s):  
Yasuhisa Ano ◽  
Keiko Kobayashi ◽  
Takashi Koikeda ◽  
Ryuta Kawashima
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Objectives Due to the rapid aging of society, the prevention of age-related cognitive decline and dementia has gained increasing attention. Recent epidemiological investigations have shown that the consumption of dairy products reduces the risk of dementia in older adults. β-lactolin, a whey-derived Gly-Thr-Trp-Tyr lactopeptide, activates the dopaminergic system, improves memory impairment, and prevents Alzheimer's pathologies in a rodent model. We have demonstrated that β-lactolin supplementation improves memory retrieval and selective attention in randomized trials. On the other hand, the mechanisms underlying the effects of β-lactolin on human brain activity have not been investigated. Methods We examined the effects of β-lactolin on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind study. Fifty healthy participants (45–60 years old) were randomly allocated to the β-lactolin and placebo groups and supplemented for 6 weeks. At 0 and 6 weeks of the intervention, oxyhemoglobin (Hb) was measured using 34-channel (CH) NIRS during the working memory tasks. Results The changes in oxy-Hb in CH23 located at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the spatial working memory task showed a higher statistical significance (false discovery rate (q) = 0.045) in the β-lactolin than in the placebo group. The CBF changes in CH23 were correlated with the reaction time for the working memory task. A recent trial using a 2-CH NIRS also showed a significant CBF increase in the DLPFC area after β-lactolin supplementation. Conclusions β-lactolin supplementation increases CBF in the DLPFC area, which contributes to improved cognitive functions. Funding Sources Current study was funded by Kirin Holdings Co. Ltd.

scholarly journals The Effect of Spatial Working Memory Deterioration on Strategic Visuomotor Learning across Aging

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Uresti-Cabrera ◽  
Rosalinda Diaz ◽  
Israel Vaca-Palomares ◽  
Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Strategic Learning ◽  
Strategic Control ◽  
Visuomotor Learning ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effect Of Age

Objective. To evaluate the effect of age-related cognitive changes in a visuomotor learning task that depends on strategic control and contrast it with the effect in a task principally depending on visuomotor recalibration.Methods. Participants performed a ball throwing task while donning either a reversing dove prism or a displacement wedge prism, which mainly depend on strategic control or visuomotor recalibration, respectively. Visuomotor performance was then analysed in relation to rule acquisition and reversal, recognition memory, visual memory, spatial planning, and spatial working memory with tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB).Results. The results confirmed previous works showing a detrimental effect of age on visuomotor learning. The analyses of the cognitive changes observed across age showed that both strategic control and visuomotor recalibration had significant negative correlations only with the number of errors in the spatial working memory task. However, when the effect of aging was controlled, the only significant correlation remaining was between the reversal adaptation magnitude and spatial working memory.Discussion. These results suggest that spatial working memory decline across aging could contribute to age-dependent deterioration in both visuomotor learning processes. However, spatial working memory integrity seems to affect strategic learning decline even after controlling for aging.

Age-Related Changes in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during Working Memory for Faces

NeuroImage ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Grady ◽  
Anthony R. McIntosh ◽  
Fred Bookstein ◽  
Barry Horwitz ◽  
Stanley I. Rapoport ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Reply to West

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 730-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAMELA M. GREENWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Behavioral Study ◽  
Verbal Abilities ◽  
Visuospatial Abilities ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Range Of Functions

West argues that the frontal aging hypothesis remains a useful construct, largely on the basis of evidence that cognitive functions dependent on frontal regions decline at an earlier age than those independent of frontal regions. This point was considered in my review, which found only sparse evidence in its favor. Few investigations have been aimed at determining the age at which decline begins for a set of functions. West cites one behavioral study (Shimamura & Jurica, 1994) and one PET study (Shaw et al., 1984). Given the size of the literature from which these studies are drawn, a finding of age effects in one “frontal” memory task with mean age 61 but not in one “nonfrontal” memory task can only suggest that age-related functional decline is more rapid in the frontal-dependent task. This finding must be viewed in the context of a broader range of functions. Several large scale studies aimed at this question have examined age-related declines on a broad range of functions and concluded verbal abilities are preserved until late in life while visuospatial abilities decline throughout adulthood (Arenberg, 1978; Eisdorfer et al., 1959; Koss et al., 1991). Shaw et al. (1984) must also be considered in the context of other studies of resting cerebral blood flow and metabolism which I reviewed which did not find selectively reduced prefrontal blood flow (Azari et al., 1992; Martin et al., 1991). Indeed, it is difficult either to prove or to disprove the somewhat vaguely-conceived frontal aging hypothesis using the current

Quantitation of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Increases in Prefrontal Cortex during a Working Memory Task: A Steady-State Arterial Spin-Tagging Study

NeuroImage ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Q. Ye ◽  
Anne M. Smith ◽  
Venkata S. Mattay ◽  
Urs E. Ruttimann ◽  
Joseph A. Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Spin Tagging

scholarly journals Effects of food supplementation on cognitive function, cerebral blood flow, and nutritional status in young children at risk of undernutrition: randomized controlled trial

BMJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. m2397
Author(s):  
Susan B Roberts ◽  
Maria A Franceschini ◽  
Rachel E Silver ◽  
Salima F Taylor ◽  
Augusto Braima de Sa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Food Supplementation ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Randomized Controlled

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effects of food supplementation on improving working memory and additional measures including cerebral blood flow in children at risk of undernutrition.DesignRandomized controlled trial.Setting10 villages in Guinea-Bissau.Participants1059 children aged 15 months to 7 years; children younger than 4 were the primary population.InterventionsSupervised isocaloric servings (≈1300 kJ, five mornings each week, 23 weeks) of a new food supplement (NEWSUP, high in plant polyphenols and omega 3 fatty acids, within a wide variety and high fortification of micronutrients, and a high protein content), or a fortified blended food (FBF) used in nutrition programs, or a control meal (traditional rice breakfast).Main outcome measurementsThe primary outcome was working memory, a core executive function predicting long term academic achievement. Additional outcomes were hemoglobin concentration, growth, body composition, and index of cerebral blood flow (CBFi). In addition to an intention-to-treat analysis, a predefined per protocol analysis was conducted in children who consumed at least 75% of the supplement (820/925, 89%). The primary outcome was assessed by a multivariable Poisson model; other outcomes were assessed by multivariable linear mixed models.ResultsAmong children younger than 4, randomization to NEWSUP increased working memory compared with the control meal (rate ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.41, P=0.03), with a larger effect in the per protocol population (1.25, 1.06 to 1.47, P=0.009). NEWSUP also increased hemoglobin concentration among children with anemia (adjusted mean difference 0.65 g/dL, 95% confidence interval 0.23 to 1.07, P=0.003) compared with the control meal, decreased body mass index z score gain (−0.23, −0.43 to −0.02, P=0.03), and increased lean tissue accretion (2.98 cm2, 0.04 to 5.92, P=0.046) with less fat (−5.82 cm2, −11.28 to −0.36, P=0.04) compared with FBF. Additionally, NEWSUP increased CBFi compared with the control meal and FBF in both age groups combined (1.14 mm2/s×10−8, 0.10 to 2.23, P=0.04 for both comparisons). Among children aged 4 and older, NEWSUP had no significant effect on working memory or anemia, but increased lean tissue compared with FBF (4.31 cm2, 0.34 to 8.28, P=0.03).ConclusionsChildhood undernutrition is associated with long term impairment in cognition. Contrary to current understanding, supplementary feeding for 23 weeks could improve executive function, brain health, and nutritional status in vulnerable young children living in low income countries. Further research is needed to optimize nutritional prescriptions for regenerative improvements in cognitive function, and to test effectiveness in other vulnerable groups.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03017209.

scholarly journals Oscillatory lower body negative pressure impairs working memory task-related functional hyperemia in healthy volunteers

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (4) ◽  
pp. H672-H680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Merchant ◽  
Marvin S. Medow ◽  
Paul Visintainer ◽  
Courtney Terilli ◽  
Julian M. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Functional Hyperemia ◽  
Blood Flow Oscillations ◽  
Flow Oscillations

Neurovascular coupling (NVC) describes the link between an increase in task-related neural activity and increased cerebral blood flow denoted “functional hyperemia.” We previously showed induced cerebral blood flow oscillations suppressed functional hyperemia; conversely functional hyperemia also suppressed cerebral blood flow oscillations. We used lower body negative pressure (OLBNP) oscillations to force oscillations in middle cerebral artery cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv). Here, we used N-back testing, an intellectual memory challenge as a neural activation task, to test the hypothesis that OLBNP-induced oscillatory cerebral blood flow can reduce functional hyperemia and NVC produced by a working memory task and can interfere with working memory. We used OLBNP (−30 mmHg) at 0.03, 0.05, and 0.10 Hz and measured spectral power of CBFv at all frequencies. Neither OLBNP nor N-back, alone or combined, affected hemodynamic parameters. 2-Back power and OLBNP individually were compared with 2-back power during OLBNP. 2-Back alone produced a narrow band increase in oscillatory arterial pressure (OAP) and oscillatory cerebral blood flow power centered at 0.0083 Hz. Functional hyperemia in response to 2-back was reduced to near baseline and 2-back memory performance was decreased by 0.03-, 0.05-, and 0.10-Hz OLBNP. OLBNP alone produced increased oscillatory power at frequencies of oscillation not suppressed by added 2-back. However, 2-back preceding OLBNP suppressed OLBNP power. OLBNP-driven oscillatory CBFv blunts NVC and memory performance, while memory task reciprocally interfered with forced CBFv oscillations. This shows that induced cerebral blood flow oscillations suppress functional hyperemia and functional hyperemia suppresses cerebral blood flow oscillations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that induced cerebral blood flow oscillations suppress functional hyperemia produced by a working memory task as well as memory task performance. We conclude that oscillatory cerebral blood flow produces causal reductions of memory task neurovascular coupling and memory task performance. Reductions of functional hyperemia are constrained by autoregulation.

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