Reaction Rate Measurement of Multiple Enzyme Samples by Continuous Flow Analysis

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 847-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold H Brown ◽  
Mary R Ebner
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Assays ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Kinetic Assay ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis

Abstract A simple technic to adapt the advantages of continuous flow analysis to the kinetic assay of multiple enzyme samples is described. It will permit adequate standardization by primary or secondary standards run through the entire analysis of those procedures that do not exhibit spontaneous changes in light absorption or fluorescence with time. The adaptation of the Kind-King method for alkaline phosphatase (1) to this technic is given to demonstrate the superiority of such a system over single-point enzyme assays.

Electronic Correction of Values That Are "Off-Scale" in the "SMA-6" System for Continuous-flow Analysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
Louis Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis ◽  
Chart Paper

Abstract Data are presented for an electronic device that automatically halves "off-scale" signal voltages on the "SMA Flex-6" System (Technicon). This extends the usefulness of the system by obviating the need for most repeat analyses on dilutions of specimens containing constituents in concentrations that exceed the limits of the pre-calibrated chart paper. Accurate results are obtained because the chemical reactions are shown to be linear up to nearly twice the maximum calibration on the recorder paper for the following analytes: bilirubin, total and direct (20.0 mg/dl); alkaline phosphatase (700 U/ liter); lactate dehydrogenase (1200 U/liter); creatine kinase (2400 U/liter); and aspartate aminotransferase (600 U/liter). In contrast, dilution of sera 2-, 5-, and 10-fold with sodium chloride solution (8.5 g/liter) produces positive errors ranging from 6 to 38% for these enzymes, but has no significant effect on bilirubin.

Discrepancies in measurement of aspartate aminotransferase by continuous-flow analysis.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2086-2088
Author(s):  
P West
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Independent Data ◽  
Positive Bias ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis

Abstract I compared results for aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) obtained with a reaction-rate analyzer (LKB 2086 Mark Two), based on IFCC methodology, and a continuous-flow analyzer (the Technicon SMA 2) for 115 patients' sera and seven commercial quality-control sera. The data from the SMA 2 showed a clear positive bias in those sera with activities exceeding 40 U/L (the upper limit of the reference range). Independent data to support the bias of the SMA 2 and other continuous-flow analyzer systems are presented. Application of a correction factor to the SMA 2 data above the upper limit of the range significantly decreased this bias. Failure to apply such a factor to data obtained from continuous-flow analyzers could lead to serious clinical misinterpretation.

Computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing III. Application to liver assessment.

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
G S Cembrowski ◽  
F C Larson ◽  
R W Huntington ◽  
J H Selliken ◽  
E C Toren
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Gamma Glutamyltransferase ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Chemical Testing ◽  
Better Than

Abstract We used the previously described [Clin. Chem. 19, 1114 (1973)] and evaluated [Clin. Chem. 19, 1122 (1973)] computer-controlled instrument system for sequential chemical testing to select and perform tests of hepatic status, to aid the clinician in the diagnosis of liver disease. Results for total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase obtained from the continuous-flow analysis (SMA 12/60) admission screen were used by the instrument system to determine selectively the values for gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and total and direct bilirubin. Kit methods for the latter four tests were evaluated on the system; results were similar to manual procedures. A software, enzymatic ratemeter was found to be better than the previously described hardware ratemeter. The follow-up tests of serum prescribed by the system are compared to clinician-prescribed follow-up tests and discharge diagnoses. In 10 of 19 cases, the system and clinician ordered similar follow-up tests; in three cases follow-up differed, and in six cases, the system ordered follow-up tests and the clinician ordered none.

Microsampling on the Technicon SMAC system.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1531-1534
Author(s):  
T A Walmsley ◽  
R T Fowler ◽  
M H Abernethy
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Sample Stream ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
Calibration Materials ◽  
Sample Dilution

Abstract The sample volume needed for a Technicon SMAC continuous-flow analyzer has been reduced for routine operation. Two options are available: 141 microL for a 17-test profile, or 224 microL, which allows the direct-sampling assays for creatinine and iron to be included. The sample decrease is achieved by the sequential dialysis of creatinine and iron, an increased sample dilution from sixfold to ninefold, the strict minimization of diluted sample stream wastage, and development of more sensitive methods for glucose and alkaline phosphatase to allow greater use of the diluted sample stream. A glycine-containing diluent increases the sensitivity of the iron method by 25% and prevents the protein precipitation that plagues the continuous-flow analysis for iron in plasma. No deterioration in performance of the analyzer has been detected during nine months of routine operation at the reduced sample size. Added advantages are the decreased consumption of calibration materials and an increased ability to do repeat tests.

A Bubble-gating Flow Cell for Continuous-flow Analysis

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1045-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
R L Habig ◽  
B W Schlein ◽  
L Walters ◽  
R E Thiers
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Flow Cell ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Readout System ◽  
Protein Determination ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis ◽  
Rate Method

Abstract A system is described which permits measurements, such as photometry, to be made on air-segmented streams, as in continuous-flow analysis. Elimination of the "debubbler" step before measurement provides two basic assets: (1) more rapid attainment of steady-state conditions (lower interaction between samples), and (2) maintenance of the integrity of the bubbled analysis stream, permitting subsequent handling and remeasurement. A device has been developed for detecting air bubbles. When placed across the light path of a photometer flow cell it inactivates the readout system when bubbles pass by. The resulting system measures the transmittance of each individual liquid segment of the analysis stream, while maintaining the integrity of the stream. Two examples of possible applications of this system are described. One is a simple total-protein determination with biuret, at three times the conventional sampling rate. The other is a continuous-flow, two-point, reaction-rate method for assay of alkaline phosphatase activity.

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