scholarly journals Slowing improvements in life expectancy across European Economic Area countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Ford ◽  
N Steel ◽  
E Aasheim ◽  
B Devleesschauwer ◽  
A Gallay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Life expectancy improvements have slowed down in several European countries since around 2011. The relative contributions from changes in specific conditions (e.g. cancers) and broader risk factors (e.g. smoking or austerity) remain unclear. We aimed to explore the different potential causes in 17 European Economic Area (EEA) countries. Methods We compared Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study estimates for life expectancy, years of life lost (YLLs) and population attributable fractions (PAFs) for risk factors, for 2005-2011 and 2011-2017 for 17 EEA countries. Three countries with the largest absolute improvements and three with the smallest were selected for analysis by gender, age, condition and risk factors. Results Norway, France and Belgium had the largest improvement in life expectancy (+1.5, +1.2 and +1.2 years respectively) from 2011 to 2017, and Germany, Iceland and the UK the smallest (+0.1, +0.2 and +0.2 years). Life expectancy reduced slightly for women aged over 80 in Germany and UK, men aged over 50 in Germany, and for men in all age groups up to 90 years in Iceland. Norway, France and Belgium saw faster improvements in YLLs from lung cancer and Norway and France for COPD in both men and women, and from self-harm in men, after 2011 than before. PAF for tobacco declined faster after 2011. Germany, Iceland and the UK saw slower improvements in cardiovascular disease and in Germany and the UK lung cancer. In Iceland, YLLs for cancers, self harm, respiratory disease, cirrhosis and dementia all worsened after 2011. PAF for tobacco remained high or declined less after 2011 in all 3 countries. PAFs for alcohol and drug use remained high in Iceland and UK. Conclusions Differential changes in major fatal diseases and risk factors help explain national changes in life expectancies, but national differences in data availability may affect results. Further research is needed into the ‘causes of the causes’, such as the 2008 economic crash in Iceland. Key messages Differential changes in major fatal diseases and risk factors help explain national changes in life expectancies. Norway, France and Belgium had the largest improvement in life expectancy from 2011 to 2017, and Germany, Iceland and the UK the smallest.

5 Authorisation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris Simon
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Threshold Conditions ◽  
The Uk

In this chapter the concept of ‘authorisation’, in the context of the general prohibition, is explored. The process of obtaining authorisation through a Part 4A permission is explained. Next, the threshold conditions that a firm must meet, both on authorisation and subsequently, are given. The key concept of passporting within the European Economic Area (EEA) is explained for firms based in the EEA and the UK. The four principal categories of persons who are exempted from authorisation requirements are discussed. Finally, this chapter examines how a firm’s permission can be varied or cancelled, and how the regulator can impose requirements upon the firm to take or not to take some specified action.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CERTAIN DEMOGRAPHIC INDEXES AND THE NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS IN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3619-3623
Author(s):  
Liliya Bogdanova ◽  
◽  
Valentina Belcheva ◽  
Evgeni Grigorov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Trial Conduct ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years

Purpose: The number of clinical trials conducted by the industry has increased significantly for the period 2014-2016. They have produced advances in disease prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation for many diseases. This was the main reason to carry a study on the association between certain demographic indexes and the number of clinical trials in the European economic area. Proving a correlation between those two variables could lead to additional research pursued by the industry during the feasibility phase of each study in order to have higher and quicker enrollment for the success of the clinical trial. Materials/Methods: Three demographic factors were considered to have some importance on the clinical trial enrollment – the number of population, life expectancy at age 65 and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). The numbers were processed with Spearman‘rho, and the read of the results shows a correlation to be present for the number of population and life expectancy at age 65. Results: There is a correlation between the number of clinical trials opened for enrollment of patients and certain demographic indexes, which could lead to favorable conditions for trial conduct in the different countries of EEA. Conclusions: Studying in advance if some demographic factors are significant for conduct of clinical studies is something new that could be used by the industry to avoid the wastefulness of a clinical project.

8. Family life

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Clayton ◽  
Georgina Firth ◽  
Caroline Sawyer ◽  
Rowena Moffatt ◽  
Helena Wray
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Family Members ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provides an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter focuses on non-European Economic Area (EEA) nationals who wish to live permanently with family members who are settled in or are nationals of the UK. The family members of those coming to work or study and of refugees are also briefly considered. It examines marriage-related applications, that is, applications to join a spouse, fiancé(e), civil or long-term partner. It considers the rules relating to adult family members and children; the family life of those with limited leave; refugees and asylum seekers.

scholarly journals It’s a small, small, small world: The Icesave dispute and global orders of difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1291-1307
Author(s):  
Jess Bier
Keyword(s):  
Small World ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Selective Incorporation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Do So

Drawing on Roy and Ong’s work on worlding, this article introduces the concept of orders of difference to analyze the selective incorporation of the nation-state into supranational political and economic systems. I argue that attending to orders of difference is necessary to better understand the ways that imagined equality is mobilized to reproduce global injustice. I do so through a combined examination of the liberal globalism of the iconic “It’s a Small World” ride at Disney theme parks and Iceland's role in the Icesave dispute—a key struggle of the 2007–8 financial crisis. The design of the Small World 1 ride effects a form of worlding by ordering differences into those that are similar enough to be permitted and those that are too different to be incorporated. In the process, the ride invokes a small world 2 that precisely encapsulates the more complex globalisms that inform the organizational structure of supranational bodies like the European Union and European Economic Area. Global finance is said to be one of the world’s most seamless supranational systems, but one of its many seams was made visible during the Icesave dispute as two orders of difference came into conflict: European Economic Area membership and Icelandic politics. Representatives of the Netherlands and the UK argued that Iceland’s membership in the European Economic Area meant that Iceland was fully the same as other member nations, while those from Iceland successfully argued that its domestic and international economies were irreducibly different. The dispute thus hinged upon a debate over how differences are ordered within and between nations, including the number of permissible orders and the precise extent to which member nations are or should be made commensurable through supranational geopolitics.

scholarly journals The (Uncertain) Impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom's Membership in the European Economic Area

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich G. Schroeter ◽  
Heinrich Nemeczek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Business Law ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Until recently, the on-going legal discussions about ‘Brexit’, the United Kingdom’s upcoming withdrawal from the European Union (EU), have predominantly focused on the requirements and consequences of the withdrawal procedure set out in Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). A hitherto neglected, though arguably no less important question concerns the effect, if any, that a withdrawal from the EU will have on the UK’s membership in the European Economic Area (EEA): Given that the EEA extends many aspects of EU membership beyond the EU’s borders, resulting in a Common Market ‘light’, a future UK membership in the EEA could – at least from a European business law point of view – effectively result in ‘business as usual’, as a significant share of EU law would continue to apply to UK companies, albeit in form of EEA law.Against this background, it is interesting to note that legal analyses of Brexit generally assume that the UK’s EEA membership will be terminated ipso iure, should the UK decide to withdraw from the EU. According to this view, the UK subsequently could (re-)apply for EEA membership should its government so choose, with such an application having to be accepted by all remaining EEA Contracting Parties – an option commonly referred to as the ‘Norway option’ in reference to Norway’s status within the EEA. The present article challenges the underlying (and often merely implicit) assumption that the UK’s withdrawal from the EU will automatically result in its withdrawal from the EEA, given that the EEA Agreement is a separate international treaty subject to separate legal rules governing withdrawals and effects of possible changes in EU membership. It argues that a withdrawal from the EU will in fact not affect the UK’s continuing EEA membership, as long as the UK does not voluntarily choose to also withdraw from the EEA. It then analyses the post-Brexit situation under the EEA Agreement by addressing its practical application to a number of different areas, as inter alia the free movement of UK companies within the EEA, the future of the ‘European passport’ for UK credit institutions and investment firms, as well as the free (but possibly restrictable) movement of workers in the EEA.

Part A Regulatory Matters, 1 The Regulation of Deposit-Taking Business

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Proctor Charles
Keyword(s):  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Prudential Regulation ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

This chapter discusses the regulatory framework applicable to the conduct of deposit-taking business in the UK. It first traces the history of banking regulation in the UK. It then covers deposit-taking as a regulated activity; the authorization procedure; powers of the UK Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA); and European Economic Area (EEA) firms.

scholarly journals Negotiating the UK's Post-Brexit Trade Arrangements

2016 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. R22-R30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Holmes ◽  
Jim Rollo ◽  
L. Alan Winters
Keyword(s):  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Trade Deals ◽  
The Eu

This paper considers the agenda for UK trade negotiations over the post-Brexit period. There are several groups of countries that will need to be dealt with and we consider the priorities among them. Negotiations with the WTO and the EU are the most important and the most pressing in time, and should be pursued simultaneously. On the former, the UK must try quickly to establish its independent WTO status, which will be greatly facilitated by minimising the changes it proposes to its tariffs schedules. On the EU the UK needs to consider the choices between remaining in the customs union, creating an FTA with the EU and maintaining the ‘regulatory union’ that is the European Economic Area (EEA). Only when relations with the EU and WTO are clear will it be feasible to negotiate trade deals of various sorts with other countries, ranging from those with which we already have deals via the EU to those that currently trade with us on ‘WTO rules’. All of this takes time and we argue that it may be worth pursuing transitional arrangements to extend certain current trading arrangements a few years beyond Brexit in order to make time for serious negotiations.

scholarly journals Brexit, EEA and the Free Movement of Workers: Structural Considerations on Flexibility

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
Václav Stehlík
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Free Movement Of Workers ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Summary The article focuses on the regulation of the free movement of workers under Agreement on the European Economic Area in the light of the considered accession of the United Kingdom to this agreement after the Brexit takes place. The participation in the European Economic Area would keep the United Kingdom part of the EU internal market including the free movement of workers. The article tries to answer the question on the degree of flexibility in the EEA Agreement which would give space for the UK to pursue its own policies on the movement of workers. The article argues that structurally the EEA Agreement gives a space for some flexibility, however, only in case of very specific circumstances.

EU and UK nationals face uncertainty after Brexit

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Movement Rules ◽  
Future Status

Significance There are over 3 million nationals of other European Economic Area (EEA) member states resident in the United Kingdom and approximately 1 million UK nationals living elsewhere in the EEA. Current EU free-movement rules mean their rights are very similar (although not identical) to those of citizens. However, their status after Brexit is unclear. Impacts This will be the first topic on the agenda for the Article 50 negotiations when they begin after the UK general election on June 8. Uncertainty about future status is already reducing the United Kingdom’s attractiveness to migrants from elsewhere in the EEA. This affects particularly the most highly skilled and mobile individuals. Securing agreement will require both sides to compromise; this will be an early test of the UK government’s willingness to make concessions.

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