3. Express trusts: trusts and powers

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-107
Author(s):  
JE Penner
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Judicial Control ◽  
Flexible Devices ◽  
The Core ◽  
Locus Standi ◽  
The Subject

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter considers express trusts, which are flexible devices for structuring the benefits that property can provide, particularly in ways that are impossible or inconvenient to do simply by making an outright gift. The discussions cover fixed trusts, discretionary trusts, and powers of appointment; duties and powers virtute officii (powers given to office holders), personal powers (powers nominatum), powers ‘in the nature of a trust’, fiduciary powers, bare and mere powers; interests under fixed trust; the principle in Saunders v Vautier; trusts void on grounds of public policy and illegal trusts the rule against perpetuities; the enforcement and judicial control of discretionary trusts and powers of appointment; excessive and fraudulent exercises of powers; interests under discretionary trusts and powers of appointment; locus standi to enforce the trust and beneficiaries’ rights to information, and protective trusts.

10. Derivative claims

Company Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Author(s):  
Alan Dignam ◽  
John Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Majority Rule ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
The Core ◽  
Locus Standi ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Management Principle

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines derivative action as a means of safeguarding minority shareholders against abuses of power and its implications for the principle of majority rule. It begins by analysing the rule in Foss v Harbottle (1843), which translates the doctrine of separate legal personality, the statutory contract, the ‘internal management principle’, and the principle of majority rule into a rule of procedure governing locus standi (that is, who has standing to sue), as well as the exceptions to that rule. It then considers various types of shareholder actions, including personal claims, representative actions (group litigation), and derivative claims. It also discusses derivative claims under the Companies Act 2006, with emphasis on the two-stage process of the application for permission to continue a derivative claim. The chapter concludes by assessing bars to a derivative action, together with liability insurance and qualifying third party indemnity provisions.

1. Relevance and admissibility of evidence

Evidence ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick Munday
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter discusses the following: the respective functions of judge and jury; the concept of relevance; the so-called ‘best evidence principle’; matters of which proof is unnecessary; judicial findings as evidence; prejudicial evidence, unfairly obtained evidence, and suspect witnesses; and evidence excluded as a matter of public policy.

scholarly journals O protagonismo judicial e as políticas públicas / The judicial leadership and public policy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Amorim ◽  
Monica Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Judicial Activism ◽  
Judicial Control ◽  
Division Of Powers ◽  
Judicial Intervention ◽  
The Subject

Resumo: O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o controle judicial das políticas públicas. Para tanto, será explanado o conceito doutrinário dessas políticas, bem como a delimitação da seara política na qual se desenvolvem. Uma breve abordagem da divisão dos poderes será necessária, com vistas a melhor definir o que pode ser considerado como ativismo judicial. Sobre este mesmo tema do ativismo, será demonstrado que não existe um consenso em sua classificação, mas que esta depende do tempo e lugar a ser analisado. Uma relevante discussão sobre a Teoria da Reserva do Possível é demonstrada, bem como a possibilidade ou não da sua utilização quando da análise da legitimidade da intervenção judicial na esfera de atuação dos demais poderes da república. Por fim, será estudado o tema da intervenção judicial na atualidade, e suas possíveis consequências para a democracia.Palavras-chave: Políticas públicas; Ativismo judicial; Reserva do possível.                                Abstract:This study aims to analyze the judicial control of public policies. Thus, the doctrinal concept of these policies will be explained, and the delimitation of political harvest and develops. A brief overview of the division of powers is necessary, in order to better define what can be considered as judicial activism. About this same theme of activism, will be shown that there is no consensus on their classification, but it depends on the time and place to be analyzed. A relevant discussion on the possible Reserve Theory is demonstrated, as well as whether or not their use when analyzing the legitimacy of judicial intervention in the sphere of activities of the other two branches of government. Finally, the subject of judicial intervention at the present time will be studied, and their possible consequences for democracy.Keywords: Public policy; Judicial activism; Possible reserve theory. 

11. Statutory shareholder remedies

Company Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 207-254
Author(s):  
Alan Dignam ◽  
John Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Classic Case ◽  
The Core ◽  
Locus Standi ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter deals with statutory remedies available to aggrieved minority shareholders, particularly their right to seek relief through a winding-up order on the just and equitable ground. It first considers the classic case of Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd (1973), which addressed the scope of the court’s jurisdiction under the just and equitable ground, and presents illustrations of the grounds which will support a petition under s 122(1)(g) of the Insolvency Act 1986. It also examines the issue of whether the principles promulgated in Ebrahimi extend beyond the statutory context of just and equitable winding-up by focusing on the case of Clemens v Clemens Bros Ltd (1976). In addition, the chapter gives examples of unfair prejudice, explains locus standi and procedural aspects of s 994 of the Companies Act 2006, and looks at other specific statutory rights available to aggrieved minority shareholders. Finally, it explains the Law Commission’s proposed reforms for the unfair prejudice provision.

1. Relevance and admissibility of evidence

Evidence ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 13-61
Author(s):  
Roderick Munday
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Of Evidence

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. The law of evidence regulates what evidence may be admitted at trial and under what conditions such admissible proofs are to be admitted. This chapter discusses the following: the respective functions of judge and jury; the concept of relevance; the so-called ‘best evidence principle’; matters of which proof is unnecessary; judicial findings as evidence; prejudicial evidence, unfairly obtained evidence, and suspect witnesses; and evidence excluded as a matter of public policy.

11. Statutory shareholder remedies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Dignam ◽  
John Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Classic Case ◽  
The Core ◽  
Locus Standi ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter deals with statutory remedies available to aggrieved minority shareholders, particularly their right to seek relief through a winding-up order on the just and equitable ground. It first considers the classic case of Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd (1973), which addressed the scope of the court’s jurisdiction under the just and equitable ground, and presents illustrations of the grounds which will support a petition under s 122(1)(g) of the Insolvency Act 1986. It also examines the issue of whether the principles promulgated in Ebrahimi extend beyond the statutory context of just and equitable winding-up by focusing on the case of Clemens v Clemens Bros Ltd (1976). In addition, the chapter gives examples of unfair prejudice; explains locus standi and procedural aspects of s 994 of the Companies Act 2006; and looks at other specific statutory rights available to aggrieved minority shareholders. Finally, it explains the Law Commission’s proposed reforms for the unfair prejudice provision.

10. Derivative claims

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Dignam ◽  
John Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Majority Rule ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
The Core ◽  
Locus Standi ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Management Principle

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines derivative action as a means of safeguarding minority shareholders against abuses of power and its implications for the principle of majority rule. It begins by analysing the rule in Foss v Harbottle (1843), which translates the doctrine of separate legal personality, the statutory contract, the ‘internal management principle’, and the principle of majority rule into a rule of procedure governing locus standi (that is, who has standing to sue), as well as the exceptions to that rule. It then considers various types of shareholder actions, including personal claims, representative actions (group litigation), and derivative claims. It also discusses derivative claims under the Companies Act 2006, with emphasis on the two-stage process of the application for permission to continue a derivative claim. The chapter concludes by assessing bars to a derivative action, together with liability insurance and qualifying third party indemnity provisions.

11. Statutory shareholder remedies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Dignam ◽  
John Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Classic Case ◽  
The Core ◽  
Locus Standi ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter deals with statutory remedies available to aggrieved minority shareholders, particularly their right to seek relief through a winding-up order on the just and equitable ground. It first considers the classic case of Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd (1973), which addressed the scope of the court’s jurisdiction under the just and equitable ground, and presents illustrations of the grounds which will support a petition under s 122(1)(g) of the Insolvency Act 1986. It also examines the issue of whether the principles promulgated in Ebrahimi extend beyond the statutory context of just and equitable winding-up by focusing on the case of Clemens v Clemens Bros Ltd (1976). In addition, the chapter gives examples of unfair prejudice; explains locus standi and procedural aspects of s 994 of the Companies Act 2006; and looks at other specific statutory rights available to aggrieved minority shareholders. Finally, it explains the Law Commission’s proposed reforms for the unfair prejudice provision.

10. Derivative claims

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Dignam ◽  
John Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Majority Rule ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
The Core ◽  
Locus Standi ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Management Principle

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines derivative action as a means of safeguarding minority shareholders against abuses of power and its implications for the principle of majority rule. It begins by analysing the rule in Foss v Harbottle (1843), which translates the doctrine of separate legal personality, the statutory contract, the ‘internal management principle’, and the principle of majority rule into a rule of procedure governing locus standi (that is, who has standing to sue), as well as the exceptions to that rule. It then considers various types of shareholder actions, including personal claims, representative actions (group litigation), and derivative claims. It also discusses derivative claims under the Companies Act 2006, with emphasis on the two-stage process of the application for permission to continue a derivative claim. The chapter concludes by assessing bars to a derivative action, together with liability insurance and qualifying third party indemnity provisions.

Social innovation for modified consumption by means of the school subject Art and craft

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita NEUBERG
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
School Subject ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
The Core ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
The Subject

In this paper I will take a look at how one can facilitate the change in consumption through social innovation, based on the subject of art and design in Norwegian general education. This paper will give a presentation of books, featured relevant articles and formal documents put into context to identify different causal mechanisms around our consumption. The discussion will be anchored around the resources and condition that must be provided to achieve and identify opportunities for action under the subject of Art and craft, a subject in Norwegian general education with designing at the core of the subject, ages 6–16. The question that this paper points toward is: "How can we, based on the subject of Art and craft in primary schools, facilitate the change in consumption through social innovation?”

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