scholarly journals West Nile Virus Activity in a Winter Roost of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos): Is Bird-To-Bird Transmission Important in Persistence and Amplification?

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Hinton ◽  
W. K. Reisen ◽  
S. S. Wheeler ◽  
A. K. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
Virus Activity ◽  
American Crows

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Devastates an American Crow Population

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolee Caffrey ◽  
Shauna C. R. Smith ◽  
Tiffany J. Weston
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
West Nile ◽  
American Crow ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
American Crows

Abstract In its spread west across North America in 2002, West Nile virus (WNV) reached a population of marked American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in Stillwater, Oklahoma, in late summer. Within two months, 46 of 120 individuals were missing or known to be dead, 39 of which (33% of the population) are estimated to have died for WNV-related reasons. In 2003, 56 of 78 marked crows disappeared or were found dead between June and November. Five of the 28 juvenile losses were possibly unrelated to WNV, thus we estimate that 65% of our population died because of this pathogen in 2003. The total loss of 72% of population members, including 82% of juveniles, in a single year of WNV exposure raises concern for precipitous declines in American Crow populations in coming years. El Virus del Nilo Occidental Devasta una Población de Corvus brachyrhynchos Resumen. En su diseminación hacia el oeste de América del Norte durante 2002, el Virus del Nilo Occidental alcanzó a fines del verano una población marcada de Corvus brachyrhynchos en Stillwater, Oklahoma. En menos de dos meses, 46 de los 120 individuos registrados desaparecieron o murieron, 39 de los cuales (33% de la población) estimamos que murieron por causas relacionadas con el virus. En 2003, 56 de los 78 cuervos marcados desaparecieron o fueron encontrados muertos entre junio y noviembre. Cinco de las 28 pérdidas de juveniles posiblemente no estuvieron relacionadas con el virus, por lo que estimamos que el 65% de nuestra población murió a causa de este patógeno en 2003. La pérdida total del 72% de los miembros de la población, incluyendo el 82% de los juveniles, en un solo año de exposición al virus plantea preocupaciones en cuanto a la posibilidad de una disminución precipitada de las poblaciones de C. brachyrhynchos en los próximos años.

West Nile Virus and Non-West Nile Virus Mortality and Coinfection of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in California

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Wheeler ◽  
Leslie W. Woods ◽  
Walter M. Boyce ◽  
Christina D. Eckstrand ◽  
Stanley A. Langevin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
American Crows

scholarly journals Non–West Nile virus-Associated Mortality in a Population of American Crows (Corvus Brachyrhynchos): A Gross and Histopathologic Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Miller ◽  
Andrea K. Townsend ◽  
Kevin J. McGowan ◽  
Anne B. Clark ◽  
Amy L. Glaser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
Histopathologic Study ◽  
American Crows

West Nile Virus Antibody Prevalence in American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and Fish Crows (Corvus ossifragus) in Georgia, U.S.A.

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Wilcox ◽  
Michael J. Yabsley ◽  
Angela E. Ellis ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
Samantha E. J. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
American Crows

scholarly journals Clinical and Pathologic Responses of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and Fish Crows (C ossifragus) to Experimental West Nile Virus Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Nemeth ◽  
B. V. Thomsen ◽  
T. R. Spraker ◽  
J. M. Benson ◽  
A. M. Bosco-Lauth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
American Crows

West Nile virus (WNV)-associated disease has a range of clinical manifestations among avian taxa, the reasons for which are not known. Species susceptibility varies within the avian family Corvidae, with estimated mortality rates ranging from 50 to 100%. We examined and compared virologic, immunologic, pathologic, and clinical responses in 2 corvid species, the American crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos) and the fish crow ( C ossifragus), following experimental WNV inoculation. Unlike fish crows, which remained clinically normal throughout the study, American crows succumbed to WNV infection subsequent to dehydration, electrolyte and pH imbalances, and delayed or depressed humoral immune responses concurrent with marked, widespread virus replication. Viral titers were approximately 3,000 times greater in blood and 30,000 to 50,000 times greater in other tissues (eg, pancreas and small intestine) in American crows versus fish crows. Histologic lesion patterns and antigen deposition supported the differing clinical outcomes, with greater severity and distribution of lesions and WNV antigen in American crows. Both crow species had multiorgan necrosis and inflammation, although lesions were more frequent, severe, and widespread in American crows, in which the most commonly affected tissues were small intestine, spleen, and liver. American crows also had inflammation of vessels and nerves in multiple tissues, including heart, kidney, and the gastrointestinal tract. WNV antigen was most commonly observed within monocytes, macrophages, and other cells of the reticuloendothelial system of affected tissues. Collectively, the data support that WNV-infected American crows experience uncontrolled systemic infection leading to multiorgan failure and rapid death.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Infection in American Singer Canaries: An Experimental Model in a Highly Susceptible Avian Species

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik K. Hofmeister ◽  
Melissa Lund ◽  
Valerie Shearn Bochsler
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
American Crows ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study investigated the susceptibility of American singer canaries ( Serinus canaria) to West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Adult canaries were inoculated with 105, 102, and 101 plaque forming units (PFU) of WNV. All birds became infected and mortality occurred by 5 days postinoculation. The load of viral RNA as determined by RT-qPCR was dose dependent, and was higher at all doses than the level of viral RNA detected in American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos) challenged with 105 PFU of WNV. In a subset of birds, viremia was detected by virus isolation; canaries inoculated with 101 PFU of WNV developed viremia exceeding 1010 PFU/mL serum, a log higher than American crows inoculated with 105 PFU of virus. In canaries euthanized at 3 days postinoculation, WNV was isolated at >107 PFU of virus/100 mg of lung, liver, heart, spleen, and kidney tissues. Pallor of the liver and splenomegaly were the most common macroscopic observations and histologic lesions were most severe in liver, spleen, and kidney, particularly in canaries challenged with 102 and 101 PFU. Immunoreactivity to WNV was pronounced in the liver and spleen. IgG antibodies to WNV were detected in serum by enzyme immunoassay in 11 of 21 (52%) challenged canaries and, in 4 of 5 (20%) of these sera, neutralization antibodies were detected at a titer ≥ 1:20. American singer canaries provide a useful model as this bird species is highly susceptible to WNV infection.

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