Early Season Applications of Bifenthrin Suppress Host-seeking Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L Schulze ◽  
Robert A Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Active Treatment ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Application Date ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
And Control

Abstract We assessed the efficacy of bifenthrin to suppress Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) nymphs when applied prior to the initiation of spring host-seeking activity versus when nymphs were already active. Treatment and control plots were sampled for host-seeking ticks every week from mid-April through June, and single occasion bifenthrin applications were done in different sets of treatment plots on 15 April, 29 April, 13 May, and 27 May. Ixodes scapularis nymphs and A. americanum nymphs and adults were effectively suppressed after each application, with at or near 100% suppression of all ticks being observed for up to 8-wk postapplication. Irrespective of the bifenthrin application date, the level of suppression of I. scapularis nymphs never declined below 70% during the study period. However, with the exception of the last application, the suppression of A. americanum nymphs decreased dramatically to below 25% by the conclusion of the trial. The results of this study demonstrated that preseason applications of bifenthrin can mitigate acarological risk of exposure to ticks throughout much of their spring peak activity period.

Synthetic Pyrethroid, Natural Product, and Entomopathogenic Fungal Acaricide Product Formulations for Sustained Early Season Suppression of Host-Seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Amblyomma americanum Nymphs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L Schulze ◽  
Robert A Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroid ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Host Seeking

Abstract We compared the ability of product formulations representing a synthetic pyrethroid acaricide (Talstar P Professional Insecticide), a natural product-based acaricide (Essentria IC3), and an entomopathogenic fungal acaricide (Met52 EC Bioinsecticide) to suppress Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) nymphs when applied following USEPA approved manufacturers’ label recommendations for tick control using hand-pumped knapsack sprayers before the beginning of their seasonal activity period in the spring. We applied Met52 EC Bioinsecticide (11% Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52) to five 100 m2 plots (10.6 ml AI/plot) in mid-April 2020. Two weeks later at the end of April 2020, we treated an additional five 100 m2 plots each with either Talstar P Professional Insecticide (7.9% bifenthrin @ 2.5 ml AI/plot) or Essentria IC3 (10% rosemary oil, 5% geraniol, and 2% peppermint oil @ 86.6 ml AI/plot). Weekly sampling of all plots through the end of June 2020 showed that both Met52 EC Bioinsecticide and Essentria IC3 failed to maintain a 90% suppression threshold for I. scapularis, compared to control plots, and required two additional applications over the course of the trial. In contrast, Talstar P Professional Insecticide suppressed 100% of I. scapularis nymphs and ≥96 and 100% of A. americanum nymphs and adults, respectively. Such pre-season applications of synthetic pyrethroids significantly reduce the early season acarological risk for exposure to host-seeking ticks as well as the frequency of acaricide applications.

scholarly journals Diversity and seasonality of host-seeking ticks in a periurban environment in the Central Midwest (USA)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250272
Author(s):  
Ali Hroobi ◽  
Gunavanthi D. Boorgula ◽  
David Gordon ◽  
Jianfa Bai ◽  
Doug Goodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Dermacentor Variabilis ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Host Seeking

Between March 2014 and February 2017, host-seeking ticks were collected during the late spring and summer months seasonally, and as well as continually through all seasons from several sites in a periurban environment in Pittsburg, Kansas, located in the Central Midwestern United States. All three post-emergent life-stages of Amblyomma americanum, and the adults of three other ticks viz. Dermacentor variabilis, A. maculatum, and Ixodes scapularis were collected using the flagging method, and were taxonomically identified using morphological and molecular methods. A total of 15946 ticks were collected from these sites. A vast majority of the ticks collected over the three-year study period was A. americanum (79.01%). The three other species collected included D. variabilis (13.10%), A. maculatum (7.15%), and Ixodes scapularis (0.73%). More female ticks of each species were collected throughout the study period from all sites, and a unimodal activity period was noted for all four species. The diversity, composition, and phenology of these medically significant tick species are discussed.

Daily Variation in Sampled Densities of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs at a Single Site—Implications for Assessing Acarological Risk

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L Schulze ◽  
Robert A Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Abstract The public health challenge posed by tick-borne disease (TBD) has increased efforts to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of ticks and associated pathogens to better focus tick control strategies and personal protection measures. We describe variability in nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) density derived from daily drag sampling at a single location in New Jersey over 4 yr and explore how observed differences in daily collections might affect the estimation of acarological risk. We found significant variability in the density of host-seeking nymphs that could suggest substantially different rates of human-tick encounters depending on sampling date, habitat, and ambient weather conditions. The spatial and temporal variability in the distribution of 2 sympatric tick species with different host preferences and questing strategies, suggests that to produce results that are comparable among sites across the area sampled, surveillance efforts may be limited to shorter collection seasons, fewer sites or less sampling effort (fewer plots or fewer visits) per site, and a geographic scope that minimizes the potential temporal and spatial biases indicated here. Our results illustrate that evaluation of models of tick distribution or relative acarological risk based on surveillance data requires a full description of the diversity of habitats sampled and the conditions under which sampling is performed. The array of factors that affect tick host-seeking and that could bias interpretation of sampling results emphasizes the need to standardize sampling protocols and for more caution when interpreting tick sampling data collected over large temporal and spatial scales.

scholarly journals Artificial Accumulation of Leaf Litter in Forest Edges on Residential Properties via Leaf Blowing Is Associated with Increased Numbers of Host-Seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1193-1198
Author(s):  
Robert A Jordan ◽  
Terry L Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Residential Properties ◽  
Unmanaged Forest ◽  
Yard Maintenance

Abstract We examined whether routine fall yard maintenance, specifically depositing leaves removed from lawns and landscaping along forest margins, may increase densities of nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) ticks within these managed areas. Leaf blowing activities in fall 2017 and 2018 on residential properties in New Jersey, United States, significantly increased leaf litter depth in managed edge areas (range = 259.8–352.8 mm) compared to unmanaged edges (77.6–188.0 mm) and adjacent forest (39.4–166.2 mm). Drag sampling conducted on 20 and 30 dates in spring 2018 and 2019, respectively, yielded ≥3-fold more I. scapularis nymphs in managed edge plots compared to natural edge and forest plots in both years. In 2018, we collected more A. americanum nymphs from forest plots than from either natural or managed edge plots, but 2019 natural edge plots yielded the greatest number of the ticks. Nearly half of A. americanum adults were collected in forest plots in both years. Our data suggest that the acarological risk of human encounters with I. scapularis nymphs may be significantly greater in areas receiving an accumulation of leaves from leaf blowing or raking compared to adjacent unmanaged forest edges. This artificially elevated acarological risk can be mitigated if homeowners avail themselves of curbside leaf pickup or composting services offered by many municipalities or request that lawn/landscaping contractors remove collected leaves offsite, or at least to areas of less frequent use, rather than concentrating them along the lawn-forest edge.

scholarly journals Surveillance of Host-Seeking Ticks in the Flint Hills Region (USA) and Associations with Environmental Determinants

Parasitologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Mark Spare ◽  
Gunavanthi D. Boorgula ◽  
Dan Thomson ◽  
Jianfa Bai ◽  
Doug Goodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Dermacentor Variabilis ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Flint Hills ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Gulf Coast Tick ◽  
The Times ◽  
Dog Tick

Diversity and phenology of host-seeking ticks were studied in the Flint Hills region of the USA, which is a prominent region for raising beef cattle. Between a two-year period from 2015–2017, ticks were collected using the dragging method from 9 distant locations, 6 of which were studied seasonally and 3 continuously throughout the study period. Of the 10,055 ticks collected, 76.5% were the Lonestar tick (Amblyomma americanum), 14% were American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), and 9.1% were Gulf Coast tick (A. maculatum). The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis were also found, albeit in low numbers. The host-seeking activity of all three predominant tick species peaked once during the late spring, summer months in the region. The phenology of all ticks was positively associated with accumulated temperature and photoperiod. Additionally, the Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) was associated with A. americanum, and saturation deficit and relative humidity were negatively associated with D. variabilis and A. maculatum tick phenology, respectively. This finding is useful to predict the times during a year in which cattle are at higher risk for exposure to these ticks and associated pathogens.

scholarly journals Ergonomic evaluation in community pharmacies

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ferreira ◽  
Ana Lança ◽  
João Paulo Figueiredo ◽  
António Loureiro ◽  
Silvia Seco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Increase In Productivity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Inference Tests ◽  
Personalized Intervention ◽  
Consequent Increase ◽  
Ergonomic Evaluation

Abstract Background The risk of a health professional contracting work-related diseases is about 1.5 times greater than the risk of all other workers. For this reason, the present study focused on community pharmacies, aiming ergonomic risks, which allows a more personalized intervention individualized in an assessment and control of ergonomic risks. Methods We proposed as an objective of this study, to evaluate the ergonomic risks to which the workers of the community pharmacies are exposed. This study was of the Descriptive-Correlational, Analytical type, and of a transversal nature where the working conditions in pharmacies of the municipality of Coimbra were evaluated. The sample being represented by 15 workers. A questionnaire was carried out and the KIM and RULA methodologies were applied for ergonomic evaluation. The results were evaluated using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0 program using descriptive tests and inference tests. Results The ergonomic assessment indicated greater risk of exposure in the task of replacing goods, the perception of workers proved to be positive in relation to existing non-conformities. There were no statistically significant differences in psychosocial and ergonomic risks between men and women. Conclusion The ergonomic conditions of the workplace for the professionals in community pharmacies are unfavourable in some points. However, if they try to adapt the workplace to the worker considering ergonomic aspects, they will promote well-being and thus guarantee better performance for their professionals and consequent increase in productivity

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