Disorders of Higher Visual Function

Neuro-Ophthalmology ◽

10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0013 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 71-76

Author(s):

Matthew J. Thurtell ◽

Robert L. Tomsak

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer Disease ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Visual Function ◽

Diagnostic Evaluation ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Optic Ataxia ◽

Common Causes ◽

Motor Apraxia ◽

Occipital Lobes ◽

Visual Complaints

A disorder of higher visual function should be considered when visual complaints are out of proportion to examination findings. Such disorders can remain undiagnosed until other cognitive deficits develop. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing the various disorders of higher visual function, which include visual agnosias, simultanagnosia, ocular motor apraxia, and optic ataxia. We next discuss practical strategies to detect these disorders. We then discuss common causes of these disorders and their diagnostic evaluation. We focus our discussion on the clinical features and imaging findings in the visual variant of Alzheimer disease, where the parieto-occipital lobes are preferentially affected in the early stages of the disease.

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Unexplained Vision Loss

Neuro-Ophthalmology ◽

10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0016 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 89-92

Author(s):

Matthew J. Thurtell ◽

Robert L. Tomsak

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Visual Function ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Diagnostic Evaluation ◽

Cone Dystrophy ◽

Autoimmune Retinopathy ◽

Clinical Strategies ◽

Cancer Associated Retinopathy ◽

Visual Complaints

When visual complaints are out of proportion to examination findings, nonorganic vision loss or a disorder of higher visual function may be suspected. However, certain ophthalmic causes of vision loss should also be considered. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing potential causes of unexplained vision loss, including refractive error, corneal disorders (e.g., keratoconus), optic neuropathy, and occult retinopathy. We next discuss clinical strategies and investigations that can help to identify certain causes of unexplained vision loss. Lastly, we discuss the clinical features, causes, and diagnostic evaluation of occult retinopathy, with a focus on conditions that cause cone photoreceptor dysfunction, such as cone dystrophy, cancer-associated retinopathy, and autoimmune retinopathy.

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Do the Clinical Features in Infantile-Onset Saccade Initiation Delay (Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia) Correlate With Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings?

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology ◽

10.1097/wno.0000000000000122 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 246-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Michael S. Salman ◽

Kristin M. Ikeda

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Ocular Motor ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Motor Apraxia ◽

Congenital Ocular Motor Apraxia

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Homonymous Hemianopia

Neuro-Ophthalmology ◽

10.1093/med/9780190603953.003.0012 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 67-70

Author(s):

Matthew J. Thurtell ◽

Robert L. Tomsak

Keyword(s):

Visual Cortex ◽

Visual Field ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Primary Visual Cortex ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽

Field Testing ◽

Diagnostic Evaluation ◽

Homonymous Hemianopia ◽

Visual Field Testing ◽

Common Causes

Homonymous hemianopia is caused by unilateral lesions involving the retrochiasmal visual pathways or primary visual cortex. Common causes of homonymous hemianopia include stroke, tumor, and trauma. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing the clinical features that can help to localize the lesion and determine its cause. We next discuss the diagnostic evaluation of homonymous hemianopia, emphasizing the importance of formal visual field testing. We list causes of homonymous hemianopia that produce minimal or no abnormalities on neuroimaging, which include migraine, seizures, encephalopathies, and neurodegenerative disorders. Lastly, we discuss the implications of homonymous hemianopia for driving and strategies for rehabilitation.

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Ovarian teratomas: clinical features, imaging findings and management

Abdominal Radiology ◽

10.1007/s00261-020-02873-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Saleh ◽

Priya Bhosale ◽

Christine O. Menias ◽

Preetha Ramalingam ◽

Corey Jensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Ovarian Teratomas

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Clinical features, imaging findings and outcomes of headache associated with sexual activity

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102410364675 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (11) ◽

pp. 1329-1335 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Yen-Chi Yeh ◽

Jong-Ling Fuh ◽

Shih-Pin Chen ◽

Shuu-Jiun Wang

Keyword(s):

Sexual Activity ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Neurological Deficits ◽

Artery Dissection ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Cerebral Vasoconstriction ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Headache Clinic ◽

Neurovascular Imaging

Objectives: To study the clinical profiles, imaging findings and outcomes and field test the diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD-II) in patients with headache associated with sexual activity (HSA). Methods: We recruited 30 patients (16 men, 14 women, mean age at onset 40.2 ± 10.0 years) with headache associated with sexual activity at a headache clinic from 2004 to 2009. None of the patients had neurological deficits at onset. Results: Twenty patients (67%) had secondary causes, including one subarachnoid hemorrhage, one basilar artery dissection, and 18 cases reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). Ten patients (33%) had primary HSA. The demographics, headache profiles, drug response and clinical course were similar between primary and secondary HSA. Compared to prior studies done in Western societies, our patients had similar clinical features but with a higher ratio of females (50%) and a higher frequency of chronic course (39%). Discussion: Sixty-seven percent of patients with RCVS could not fulfill the criteria of reversible angiopathy of the central nervous system (Code 6.7.3) proposed by the ICHD-II. The most common reason was headache resolution in more than two months. In addition, 40% of patients with primary HSA could not fulfill the ICHD-II criteria for primary HSA (Code 4.4). Conclusions: Our study found that intracranial vascular disorders were very common in patients with HSA. Thorough neurovascular imaging is required for all patients with HSA.

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Pituitary Apoplexy and Its Effect on Vision

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/00006123-199111000-00005 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 669-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Robert M. McFadzean ◽

David Doyle ◽

Roy Rampling ◽

Evelyn Teasdale ◽

Graham Teasdale

Keyword(s):

Pituitary Adenoma ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Visual Function ◽

Pituitary Apoplexy ◽

Diagnostic Errors ◽

Large Series ◽

Ocular Motility ◽

Pathological Findings ◽

Results Of Treatment

Abstract A series of 15 patients with a clinical diagnosis of pituitary apoplexy is reviewed. Clinical features are highlighted, with stress on the defects of visual function and ocular motility, and the associated endocrine abnormalities are described. Potential diagnostic errors and their significance are considered. The incidence of this complication in a large series of pituitary adenoma patients is measured, and the radiological and pathological findings are recorded. The results of treatment by surgery and/or radiotherapy and/or bromocriptine are assessed, particularly in relation to visual consequences, and compared with previous reports in the literature, which are reviewed.

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