Infections of the CNS: Meningitis and Encephalitis (DRAFT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Kaplan ◽  
Tracey Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Limbic Structures ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Nuchal Rigidity ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The video in this chapter discusses infections of the central nervous system (CNS), meningitis including its symptoms (fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, altered level of consciousness), its causes (bacterial, fungal, viral, or aseptic), and how the CSF profile provides clues to the etiology. The chapter also discusses encephalitis, its symptoms (seizures, other focal neurologic symptoms). Patients with Herpes Simplex Encephalitis may show T2 hyperintensities in the anterior temporal lobes and limbic structures on MRI. CSF may show xanthochromia and positive PCR for HSV1 or HSV2.

Brain Failure and Brain Death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharven Taghavi ◽  
Ali Salim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Failure ◽  
Definition Of

Brain failure consists of a wide spectrum of central nervous system pathologies with many different neurologic manifestations. The causes of brain failure include several disease processes that result in decreased supply of blood and oxygen to the brain or metabolic derangements that affect the central nervous system. Brain failure usually results in some altered level of consciousness. Brain failure and brain death result in several pathophysiologic changes. The definition of brain death is controversial and evolving. However, clear guidelines to determine brain death have been established. These guidelines state that three cardinal findings be present to establish brain death: (1) coma or unresponsiveness, (2) absence of brainstem reflexes, and (3) apnea. Several clinical parameters must be met when these findings are made. Adjunctive studies such as four-vessel cerebral angiography, electroencephalography, and nuclear brain scintigraphy can help make a diagnosis of brain death. When brain death is established, suitability for organ transplantation should be evaluated. After obtaining consent, potential organ donation should be optimized for possible donation. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 69 references. Key Words: brain failure, brain death, consciousness, coma, death, delirium, organ donation

Brain Failure and Brain Death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharven Taghavi ◽  
Ali Salim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Failure ◽  
Definition Of

Brain failure consists of a wide spectrum of central nervous system pathologies with many different neurologic manifestations. The causes of brain failure include several disease processes that result in decreased supply of blood and oxygen to the brain or metabolic derangements that affect the central nervous system. Brain failure usually results in some altered level of consciousness. Brain failure and brain death result in several pathophysiologic changes. The definition of brain death is controversial and evolving. However, clear guidelines to determine brain death have been established. These guidelines state that three cardinal findings be present to establish brain death: (1) coma or unresponsiveness, (2) absence of brainstem reflexes, and (3) apnea. Several clinical parameters must be met when these findings are made. Adjunctive studies such as four-vessel cerebral angiography, electroencephalography, and nuclear brain scintigraphy can help make a diagnosis of brain death. When brain death is established, suitability for organ transplantation should be evaluated. After obtaining consent, potential organ donation should be optimized for possible donation. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 69 references. Key Words: brain failure, brain death, consciousness, coma, death, delirium, organ donation

Brain Failure and Brain Death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharven Taghavi ◽  
Ali Salim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Failure ◽  
Definition Of

Brain failure consists of a wide spectrum of central nervous system pathologies with many different neurologic manifestations. The causes of brain failure include several disease processes that result in decreased supply of blood and oxygen to the brain or metabolic derangements that affect the central nervous system. Brain failure usually results in some altered level of consciousness. Brain failure and brain death result in several pathophysiologic changes. The definition of brain death is controversial and evolving. However, clear guidelines to determine brain death have been established. These guidelines state that three cardinal findings be present to establish brain death: (1) coma or unresponsiveness, (2) absence of brainstem reflexes, and (3) apnea. Several clinical parameters must be met when these findings are made. Adjunctive studies such as four-vessel cerebral angiography, electroencephalography, and nuclear brain scintigraphy can help make a diagnosis of brain death. When brain death is established, suitability for organ transplantation should be evaluated. After obtaining consent, potential organ donation should be optimized for possible donation. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 69 references. Key Words: brain failure, brain death, consciousness, coma, death, delirium, organ donation

Traffic of leukocytes in the central nervous system is associated with chemokine up-regulation in a severe model of herpes simplex encephalitis: An intravital microscopy study

2008 ◽  
Vol 445 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Carvalho Vilela ◽  
Daniel Santos Mansur ◽  
Norinne Lacerda-Queiroz ◽  
David Henrique Rodrigues ◽  
Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Intravital Microscopy ◽  
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Brain Failure and Brain Death

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharven Taghavi ◽  
Ali Salim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Failure ◽  
Definition Of

Brain failure consists of a wide spectrum of central nervous system pathologies with many different neurologic manifestations. The causes of brain failure include several disease processes that result in decreased supply of blood and oxygen to the brain or metabolic derangements that affect the central nervous system. Brain failure usually results in some altered level of consciousness. Brain failure and brain death result in several pathophysiologic changes. The definition of brain death is controversial and evolving. However, clear guidelines to determine brain death have been established. These guidelines state that three cardinal findings be present to establish brain death: (1) coma or unresponsiveness, (2) absence of brainstem reflexes, and (3) apnea. Several clinical parameters must be met when these findings are made. Adjunctive studies such as four-vessel cerebral angiography, electroencephalography, and nuclear brain scintigraphy can help make a diagnosis of brain death. When brain death is established, suitability for organ transplantation should be evaluated. After obtaining consent, potential organ donation should be optimized for possible donation. This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 69 references. Key Words: brain failure, brain death, consciousness, coma, death, delirium, organ donation

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Type 1 Encephalitis Restricted to the Brainstem in a Pediatric Patient

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Harumi Arita ◽  
Jaime Lin ◽  
Mirella Maccarini Peruchi ◽  
Marcelo Masruha Rodrigues ◽  
Luiz Celso Pereira Vilanova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Type ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Consciousness Impairment

Herpes simplex encephalitis is a potentially fatal infection of central nervous system that typically involves frontal and temporal lobes. Occasionally, it presents an extratemporal involvement and in rarer cases, it is limited to the brainstem. We describe a case of an adolescent who presented with fever, sore throat, and vertigo. Clinical picture evolved to lethargy, tetraparesis, consciousness impairment, and respiratory failure. MRI showed lesions restricted to the brainstem. PCR of CSF was positive for herpes simplex type 1.

scholarly journals Primary adipsia and severe hypernatremia in a Pit Bull dog

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Marques Caramalac ◽  
Silvana Marques Caramalac ◽  
Gustavo Gomes de Oliveira ◽  
Alda Izabel de Souza ◽  
Mariana Isa Poci Palumbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Activation Threshold ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Is Failure

ABSTRACT: Primary adipsia is a rare condition in which there is failure in the activation threshold of the hypothalamic osmoreceptors, leading to osmolality imbalance. Here, we reported the case of a Pit Bull dog with an altered level of consciousness (started after weaning) and adipsia. There was an increase in plasma osmolality (444 mOsm/kg), sodium (223.7 mg/dL), and chlorine (173 mg/dL) levels. Based on the suspicion of primary adipsia, water was administered via a nasogastric tube, with clinical improvement. The owner was instructed to supply water with food. Eight months after discharge, the dog returned with parvovirus and died. In the anatomopathological examination, no structural changes were observed in the central nervous system. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypernatremia due to adipsia in a Pit Bull dog, showing that this is a differential diagnosis that should be considered in this breed.

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