Risk factors for post-amputation pain
The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: Incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain’, published by Jensen et al. in 1985. This study examined a cohort of older patients undergoing limb amputation, and carefully related pre-amputation pain to the development and nature of phantom limb pain. The authors demonstrated that a third of patients experienced pain similar to the pre-amputated limb pain immediately after amputation; patients who had experienced pre-amputation pain were more likely to experience phantom limb pain in the first 6 months after the amputation; and persistent phantom limb pain was more likely in patients who experienced stump pain after amputation. The study had clear implications for pain management but, importantly, it also demonstrated that peripheral pain, in the form of pre-amputation and stump pain, was important in determining the development and maintenance of phantom limb pain.