Surgical anatomy of the breast

2021 ◽  
pp. 1001-1006
Author(s):  
Amy E. Jeeves
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Breast Surgery ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Plastic Surgeon ◽  
Nerve Supply ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
Integral Knowledge

The anatomy of the breast is integral knowledge for the surgeon undertaking oncoplastic, aesthetic, or reconstructive breast surgery. This chapter reviews the current literature on applied breast anatomy. Arterial and nerve supply, venous and lymphatic drainage, and ligamentous framework as well as the nipple–areolar complex are discussed. Relevant gross anatomy and histology are covered along with current concepts of breast aesthetics. This chapter emphasizes surgical anatomy with both historical and practical references for the plastic surgeon

scholarly journals Oncoplastic breast surgery technique for retroareolar breast cancer: a technical modification of the Grisotti flap in patients with short nipple to inferior mammary crease distance

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Johnson ◽  
Lorna Cook ◽  
Fabio I Rapisarda ◽  
Dibendu Betal ◽  
Riccardo Bonomi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Primary Closure ◽  
Breast Surgery ◽  
Breast Conservation ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Breast Conservation Surgery ◽  
Oncoplastic Breast Surgery ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
Conservation Surgery

ABSTRACT The introduction of breast conservation surgery together with advances in oncoplastic techniques has revolutionized the management of retroareolar breast tumours. Traditionally, cancers in this location were often managed with central excision and primary closure or mastectomy. More recently, oncoplastic breast-conserving techniques such as the Grisotti mammoplasty have been increasingly encouraged as an alternative option as it allows oncological safe margin resections while restoring cosmesis. The use of a Grisotti flap enables safe resection of a retroareolar tumour with concurrent reconstruction of the defect using a local rotational advancement dermoglandular flap allowing a satisfactory cosmetic result in term of contour and projection. This technique is often limited to those patients with sufficient native nipple-inferior mammary fold (IMF) distance to accommodate for some inevitable post-operative reduction in this distance. We describe a modification of the original description, such that satisfactory cosmetic outcome can be achieved, even in patients with a short nipple areolar complex to inframammary fold distance.

Anal anatomy and normal histology

Sexual Health ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Anal Canal ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Nerve Supply ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Perianal Region ◽  
Anal Region ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Naked Eye

The focus of this article is the anatomy and histology of the anal canal, and its clinical relevance to anal cancers. The article also highlights the recent histological and anatomical changes to the traditional terminology of the anal canal. The terminology has been adopted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, separating the anal region into the anal canal, the perianal region and the skin. This paper describes the gross anatomy of the anal canal, along with its associated blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply. The new terminology referred to in this article may assist clinicians and health care providers to identify lesions more precisely through naked eye observation and without the need for instrumentation. Knowledge of the regional anatomy of the anus will also assist in management decisions.

Maxillofacial Bony Considerations in Facial Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora G. Vincent ◽  
Anne E. Gunter ◽  
Yadranko Ducic ◽  
Likith Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Preoperative Planning ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Facial Transplantation ◽  
Tissue Transfer ◽  
Reconstructive Ladder ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Wounds

AbstractAlloplastic facial transplantation has become a new rung on the proverbial reconstructive ladder for severe facial wounds in the past couple of decades. Since the first transfer including bony components in 2006, numerous facial allotransplantations across many countries have been successfully performed, many incorporating multiple bony elements of the face. There are many unique considerations to facial transplantation of bone, however, beyond the considerations of simple soft tissue transfer. Herein, we review the current literature and considerations specific to bony facial transplantation focusing on the pertinent surgical anatomy, preoperative planning needs, intraoperative harvest and inset considerations, and postoperative protocols.

scholarly journals Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of nipple and breast candidiasis: A review of the relationship between diagnoses of mammary candidiasis and Candida albicans in breastfeeding women

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 174550652110314
Author(s):  
Pamela Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Breast Pain ◽  
Breastfeeding Support ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Nipple Areolar Complex ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Breastfeeding mothers commonly experience nipple pain accompanied by radiating, stabbing or constant breast pain between feeds, sometimes associated with pink shiny nipple epithelium and white flakes of skin. Current guidelines diagnose these signs and symptoms as mammary candidiasis and stipulate antifungal medications. Aim: This study reviews existing research into the relationship between Candida albicans and nipple and breast pain in breastfeeding women who have been diagnosed with mammary candidiasis; whether fluconazole is an effective treatment; and the presence of C. albicans in the human milk microbiome. Method: The author conducted three searches to investigate (a) breastfeeding-related pain and C. albicans; (b) the efficacy of fluconazole in breastfeeding-related pain; and (c) composition of the human milk mycobiome. These findings are critiqued and integrated in a narrative review. Results: There is little evidence to support the hypothesis that Candida spp, including C. albicans, in maternal milk or on the nipple-areolar complex causes the signs and symptoms popularly diagnosed as mammary candidiasis. There is no evidence that antifungal treatments are any more effective than the passage of time in women with these symptoms. Candida spp including C. albicans are commonly identified in healthy human milk and nipple-areolar complex mycobiomes. Discussion: Clinical breastfeeding support remains a research frontier. The human milk microbiome, which includes a mycobiome, interacts with the microbiomes of the infant mouth and nipple-areolar complex, including their mycobiomes, to form protective ecosystems. Topical or oral antifungals may disrupt immunoprotective microbial homeostasis. Unnecessary use contributes to the serious global problem of antifungal resistance. Conclusion: Antifungal treatment is rarely indicated and prolonged courses cannot be justified in breastfeeding women experiencing breast and nipple pain. Multiple strategies for stabilizing microbiome feedback loops when nipple and breast pain emerge are required, in order to avoid overtreatment of breastfeeding mothers and their infants with antifungal medications.

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