scholarly journals A cohort-based analysis of labor force participation for advanced economies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
By Francesco Grigoli ◽  
Zsoka Koczan ◽  
Petia Topalova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Cohort Model ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Advanced Economy ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
And Shifts

Abstract Advanced economies are in the midst of a major demographic transition, with the number of elderly rising precipitously. Yet, advanced economies experienced different trajectories in labor force participation rates and workforce attachment of men and women. Using a cohort model for 17 advanced economies during 1985–2016, we document a significant role of common patterns of participation over the life cycle and shifts in these patterns across generations, especially for women. New cohorts of women led to upward shifts in the age participation profile. However, this process plateaued in most countries, with signs of reversal in some. We project sizable declines in participation rates over the next three decades, with aggregate participation forecast to decline by 5.5 percentage points for the median advanced economy. Illustrative simulations show that closing gender gaps, extending working lives, and implementing policies encouraging labor supply can help attenuate, but may not fully offset, demographic pressures.

scholarly journals The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Collins ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
Liana Christin Landivar ◽  
William Scarborough
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Hybrid Instruction ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Percentage Points

The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents—especially mothers—depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data—the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)—to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for elementary schools by state in September 2020. We link these data to the Current Population Survey to evaluate the association between school reopening and parents’ labor force participation rates, comparing 2020 labor force participation rates to those observed pre-pandemic in 2019. We find that, across states, the maternal labor force participation rate fell to a greater extent than that of fathers. In 2019, mothers’ rate of labor force participation was about 18 percentage points lower than fathers’. By 2020, this gap grew by five percentage points in states where schools offered primarily remote instruction. We show that schools are a vital source of care for young children, and that without in-person instruction, mothers have been sidelined from the labor force. The longer these conditions remain in place, the more difficult it may be for mothers to fully recover from prolonged spells of non-employment, resulting in reduced occupational opportunities and lifetime earnings.

scholarly journals The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Collins ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
Liana Christin Landivar ◽  
William J. Scarborough
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Hybrid Instruction ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Percentage Points

The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents—especially mothers—depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data—the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)—to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for elementary schools by state in September 2020. We link these data to the Current Population Survey to evaluate the association between school reopening and parents’ labor force participation rates, comparing 2020 labor force participation rates to those observed prepandemic in 2019. We find that, across states, the maternal labor force participation rate fell to a greater extent than that of fathers. In 2019, mothers’ rate of labor force participation was about 18 percentage points lower than fathers’. By 2020, this gap grew by 5 percentage points in states where schools offered primarily remote instruction. We show that schools are a vital source of care for young children, and that without in-person instruction, mothers have been sidelined from the labor force. The longer these conditions remain in place, the more difficult it may be for mothers to fully recover from prolonged spells of nonemployment, resulting in reduced occupational opportunities and lifetime earnings.

To Work or Not to Work? Child Development and Maternal Labor Supply

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Frijters ◽  
David W Johnston ◽  
Manisha Shah ◽  
Michael A Shields
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Poor Child ◽  
Maternal Labor Supply ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach ◽  
Maternal Labor Force Participation

We estimate the effect of early child development on maternal labor force participation. Mothers of poorly developing children may remain at home to care for their children. Alternatively, mothers may enter the labor force to pay for additional educational and health resources. Which action dominates is the empirical question we answer in this paper. We control for the potential endogeneity of child development by using an instrumental variables approach, uniquely exploiting exogenous variation in child development associated with child handedness. We find that a one unit increase in poor child development decreases maternal labor force participation by approximately 10 percentage points. (JEL J13, J16, J22)

scholarly journals Gender Disparities, Labor Force Participation and Transfer Payment: What Do Macro Data Say?

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-387
Author(s):  
Hale Akbulut
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Transfer Payment ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
Endogenous Variables ◽  
Employ Labor Force ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between government transfer payments and labor force participation rates for a sample of 34 countries over the period of 1995- 2012. We benefit from two step system Generalized Method of Moments as a methodology and thereby eliminate the biases that may arise from endogenous variables. Our econometric results also confirm the employment of the dynamic methodology. First, we estimate the coefficients for overall population and then we re-estimate the coefficients for different genders. As a result of our estimations we observe that the significances and the values of coefficients increase when we employ labor force participation rates of females as dependent variable. Therefore, our findings suggest that transfer payments are more effective in working decisions of females.

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