scholarly journals The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Collins ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
Liana Christin Landivar ◽  
William J. Scarborough
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Hybrid Instruction ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Percentage Points

The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents—especially mothers—depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data—the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)—to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for elementary schools by state in September 2020. We link these data to the Current Population Survey to evaluate the association between school reopening and parents’ labor force participation rates, comparing 2020 labor force participation rates to those observed prepandemic in 2019. We find that, across states, the maternal labor force participation rate fell to a greater extent than that of fathers. In 2019, mothers’ rate of labor force participation was about 18 percentage points lower than fathers’. By 2020, this gap grew by 5 percentage points in states where schools offered primarily remote instruction. We show that schools are a vital source of care for young children, and that without in-person instruction, mothers have been sidelined from the labor force. The longer these conditions remain in place, the more difficult it may be for mothers to fully recover from prolonged spells of nonemployment, resulting in reduced occupational opportunities and lifetime earnings.

scholarly journals The Gendered Consequences of a Weak Infrastructure of Care: School Reopening Plans and Parents’ Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Collins ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
Liana Christin Landivar ◽  
William Scarborough
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Hybrid Instruction ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Percentage Points

The COVID-19 pandemic has upended in-person public education across the United States, a critical infrastructure of care that parents—especially mothers—depend on to work. To understand the nature and magnitude of school closures across states, we collected detailed primary data—the Elementary School Operating Status database (ESOS)—to measure the percentage of school districts offering in-person, remote, and hybrid instruction models for elementary schools by state in September 2020. We link these data to the Current Population Survey to evaluate the association between school reopening and parents’ labor force participation rates, comparing 2020 labor force participation rates to those observed pre-pandemic in 2019. We find that, across states, the maternal labor force participation rate fell to a greater extent than that of fathers. In 2019, mothers’ rate of labor force participation was about 18 percentage points lower than fathers’. By 2020, this gap grew by five percentage points in states where schools offered primarily remote instruction. We show that schools are a vital source of care for young children, and that without in-person instruction, mothers have been sidelined from the labor force. The longer these conditions remain in place, the more difficult it may be for mothers to fully recover from prolonged spells of non-employment, resulting in reduced occupational opportunities and lifetime earnings.

scholarly journals Changes in Labor Force Participation in the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinhui Juhn ◽  
Simon Potter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Downturns

The labor force participation rate in the United States increased almost continuously for two-and-a-half decades after the mid-1960s, pausing only briefly during economic downturns. The pace of growth slowed considerably during the 1990s, however, and after reaching a record high of 67.3 percent in the first quarter of 2000, participation had declined by 1.5 percentage points by 2005. This paper reviews the social and demographic trends that contributed to the movements in the labor force participation rate in the second half of the twentieth century. It also examines the manner in which developments in the 2000s reflect a break from past trends and considers implications for the future.

Rural Nonfarm Households: Leaving the Farm and the Retirement of Older Men, 1860–1980

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon R. Moen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Older Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Urban Households

The fall in the labor force participation rate of older men in the United States has been dramatic. In 1860 approximately 76% of men 65 and older were in the labor force. Today less than 20% work. Much of the decline has been explained in terms of a shift from agricultural occupations to manufacturing or industrial occupations, where participation historically has been lower at older ages. Participation rates, however, appear to have been constant in both farm and urban households through 1930, thus challenging the thesis that industrialization and urbanization were causes of the fall in the participation rate of older men.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Education: A Survey of the Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Peter L. Hinrichs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
K 12

This Commentary reviews evidence on three areas of concern related to the COVID-19 pandemic and education in the United States for which research currently exists. First, the evidence suggests that the spread of the COVID-19 virus at K–12 schools has been low, although it may have spread through colleges at a higher rate. Second, while anecdotal evidence suggests that school closures have reduced labor force participation, the research evidence thus far does not find much support for this situation. Third, the limited research evidence does, however, suggest the COVID-19 pandemic is negatively affecting students’ academic performance.

Female labor force participation and fertility differentials

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-164
Author(s):  
Irakli Japaridze
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Fertility Distribution ◽  
Average Fertility

AbstractUS women, on average, had approximately two children in both the 1930s and in the 1970s, yet the fertility distribution in the 1930s was less concentrated. This implies change in reproductive behavior, which cannot be captured by models focusing on average fertility. To explain these changes, I have developed a model that makes a distinction between sons and daughters. In this model, the female labor force participation rate is the probability of each girl becoming an employed woman. This endogenizes the empirically observed difference in the propensity for an all-girl household to have another child compared to an all-boy household, generating large fertility differentials at low participation rates. Higher participation rates raise the expected return from an additional child, as well as the expected return from existing daughters. The first effect tends to increase fertility, while the second effect, for relatively concave utility functions, tends to decrease it, so that the distribution of completed fertilities becomes more concentrated.

The Great Recession and Economic Outcomes for Indigenous Peoples in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 695 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-157
Author(s):  
Randall Akee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
The Great Recession

This article examines the earnings and employment experience of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) residing in the United States during and after the Great Recession. I compare these populations to non-Hispanic whites over the same time period with respect to median earnings and inequality, labor force participation rates, earnings by location, educational attainment, and occupational status. I find that the AIAN population has the lowest median earnings and highest level of earnings inequality. NHPI and AIAN experience a sharp increase in earnings inequality over the Great Recession and AIAN have a pronounced drop in labor force participation; these inequality measures remained elevated and stable over the recovery period especially for the AIAN population. Indigenous peoples employed in food services occupations experienced the least amount of earnings decline over the Great Recession, while those employed in construction and sales experienced larger declines. Labor force participation rates dropped most dramatically for the AIAN population over the Great Recession and remained at a new lower level in the recovery period. The analysis shows that there are stark differences across time, space, and occupation for these groups.

Labor Market Assimilation of Immigrant Women

ILR Review ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Schoeni
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Life Cycle Patterns ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

Using 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. census data, the author examines the life-cycle patterns of immigrant women's labor force participation. He finds that the cross-sectional approach that has been used in all previous studies leads to a substantial over-estimate of the degree to which immigrant women's assimilation increases their labor force participation. The effect of assimilation found by using the cohort approach, however (which acknowledges the possibility that patterns of labor force participation partly reflect the year of immigration), is still sizable. The effect is concentrated within the first 10 years after arrival. There are substantial differences in participation and assimilation by country of birth. Immigrants from Japan, Korea, and China are found to have experienced the greatest degree of assimilation, with an effect that raises the probability of working by 20 percentage points during the first 10 years after arriving in the United States.

scholarly journals Growth of oil/gas sectors and non oil/gas trade: The impact on labor-force participation rates in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Sessu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oil Gas

Export trade balance, oil and non-oil imports, Indonesia is in an active state or economy to prosper, while the results of multiple regression analysis showed that the export of non oil/gas, non oil/gas import, oil and gas imports and economic growth positive effect on the labor force participation rate, which means every increased four variables also increased labor force participation rate, while oil and gas exports have negative effect means that any increased export of oil and gas resulting in a decline in labor force participation rates and significant effect of all the variables of the labor force participation rate in Indonesia. Multiple correlation coefficients obtained r = 0.998 shows the effect of variable export of non oil/gas, non oil/gas import, export of oil and gas, oil and gas imports, economic growth together very strong and the coefficient of determination together the five variables can be R = 0.996 shows the percentage contribution of influence together of 99% means that only 0.01% contribution of other variables influence the level of labor force participation in Indonesia. It can be concluded that the development of oil and gas trade and non-oil and gas in Indonesia still need cooperation between individual communities, private sector, civil society and government in an effort to increase trade in Indonesia, because it is very big influence on the labor force participation rate that could lower the unemployment rate and can automatically reducing poverty, because unemployment and poverty in Indonesia is still high when compared with some other countries in the world

scholarly journals A cohort-based analysis of labor force participation for advanced economies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
By Francesco Grigoli ◽  
Zsoka Koczan ◽  
Petia Topalova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Cohort Model ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Advanced Economy ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
And Shifts

Abstract Advanced economies are in the midst of a major demographic transition, with the number of elderly rising precipitously. Yet, advanced economies experienced different trajectories in labor force participation rates and workforce attachment of men and women. Using a cohort model for 17 advanced economies during 1985–2016, we document a significant role of common patterns of participation over the life cycle and shifts in these patterns across generations, especially for women. New cohorts of women led to upward shifts in the age participation profile. However, this process plateaued in most countries, with signs of reversal in some. We project sizable declines in participation rates over the next three decades, with aggregate participation forecast to decline by 5.5 percentage points for the median advanced economy. Illustrative simulations show that closing gender gaps, extending working lives, and implementing policies encouraging labor supply can help attenuate, but may not fully offset, demographic pressures.

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