The Black/Jew

Hybrid Hate ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 156-176
Author(s):  
Tudor Parfitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Black Blood ◽  
Jewish Origin ◽  
German Enlightenment ◽  
Black Jews ◽  
Anti Jewish

Sander Gilman argued that the consensus of nineteenth century ethnography was that the Jews “were ‘black’ or, at least, ‘swarthy.’ ” In fact, there was no such consensus. Monogenist ethnographers had to show that European Jews were white in order to be able to show that black Jews had changed from white as a result of climate determinism. The increased racialization of Jews and blacks around the time of the American Civil War was accompanied by a renewal of the idea that the Jews and blacks had much in common, including color. Robert Knox was one of the first anthropologists to argue that the Jews were negroid. He was followed by many others, most of them polygenists. Other conflations of Jews and blacks included features such as smell, ears, eyes, hair, sexuality, etc. Jews were constructed as negroes, and at the same time blacks were constructed as Jews. They were both considered to be uniquely ugly. The ugliest Africans were the so-called Hottentots, who themselves had been deemed to be of Jewish origin. African tribes throughout the continent were constructed as Jews. The founder of political antisemitism, Wilhelm Marr, came to his hatred of Jews through a hatred of blacks in America. He thought Jews had negroid features and antecedents. From the time of the German Enlightenment Jews were inserted into the category of black slaves. For the influential racial theorist Houston Stewart Chamberlain, black blood flowed in the veins of Jews. The same goes for the important theorist Friedrich Ratzel. In the Americas, out-and-out anti-black racists were often equally anti-Jewish.

scholarly journals Writing their Own Way: American Women, Palestine’s Bedouins and Issues of Safety in the Nineteenth Century

1970 ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Jim Ross-Nazzal
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
American Women ◽  
Women Travelers ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Travel Accounts

Throughout the nineteenth century, more and more Americans traveled abroad, especially after the American Civil War (1861-1865). Many, upon their return home, published their travel accounts. I have collected and analysed the published accounts of fifty American women. What follows is an investigation into how American women travelers who ventured to Palestine perceived and interacted with Palestine’s Bedouin populations by examining their published travel accounts.

Flotation Booms in the Cotton Spinning Industry, 1870–1890: A Comparative Study

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin'ichi Yonekawa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Nineteenth

In this wide-ranging article, Professor Yonekawa identifies and examines in detail the burst of cotton spinning company formation that occurred in the late nineteenth century among the major cotton-producing nations of the world. His comparative approach allows him to focus on key local factors responsible for the company flotation booms in the areas discussed. He is also able to compare the effects of more general circumstances in the industry, such as trends in the price of raw cotton and the disruption during the American Civil War, on the various locations. Finally, his multinational approach brings to light many intriguing questions and illuminates areas for productive future research.

The Return of the "Unnative": The Transnational Politics of Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Sun-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
American South ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Slave Narrative ◽  
Transnational Politics ◽  
North And South

This essay offers a new, transnational reading of Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South(1854-55), a novel that has traditionally been read in national terms. As a sailor, Frederick Hale belongs to a profession that connects the cotton-producing American South to the cotton-manufacturing British North. This alternate "North and South" resituates Gaskell's novel in transatlantic terms and offers a new, racialized prism through which to view the novel's central conflict between master and man. By historicizing Frederick's narrative within the nineteenth-century transatlantic antislavery movement, I argue that Frederick's metonymic connection to slavery expresses itself in his narrative's generic proximity to the American slave narrative. I consider the implications of Frederick's cosmopolitanism and suggest that it anticipates Gaskell's agonized feelings about the American Civil War, an internecine conflict that places at its center the problem of slavery.

The Making of the Neutrality Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-42
Author(s):  
Gabriela A. Frei
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Middle Ages

Chapter 2 examines the development of the concept of neutrality from the Middle Ages to the golden age of neutrality in the nineteenth century, and shows how Great Britain adopted a policy of neutrality after 1856. The chapter discusses Great Britain’s experience of the American Civil War as a neutral, and examines various instances of international conflict such as the Alexandra case, where Great Britain was accused of breaching neutrality. The negotiations of the Alabama claims tribunal resulted not only in the Treaty of Washington, which outlined neutrality more precisely, but also prompted a change in British domestic legislation, in particular the Foreign Enlistment Act. Both the treaty and the act defined Great Britain’s neutrality policy after 1870.

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