Justifications for the Spanish Invasion of North Africa (16th Century)

The process called Reconquista (Reconquest) in history of Spain succeeded with the occupation of Granada (1492). In order to prevent its lands from becoming “Andalusia” again, the Spanish government established the country’s lines of defense outside the country in North Africa. Considering religious, commercial, political and military reasons a limited occupation policy was implemented in North Africa. Places on strategic North African coasts such as Ceuta, Melilla, Oran and Merselkebir were occupied, and military garrisons (Presedios/Plazas) were established here. With the help of these garrisons, the Spain’s Mediterranean and Atlantic trade has been secured for decades.

Creative Expressions from the Trans-Atlantic Era: African Women Artistes in Diaspora

The culture of singing and dancing is peculiar to Africa. Before the Trans-Atlantic trade, the culture was a creative expression in everyday life. From a historical perspective, this work examines the movement of African culture into the Trans-Atlantic world through the artistic performances of women in Diaspora. The African Diaspora is a diverse world outside Africa. Hence, this work analyses the experiences across the societies of the African Americans, Afro-Brazilians, the Yoruba Diaspora, Afro-Caribbean, within Africa among others. Women in this spaces have encountered various dynamics of being African descent in al long duree. It examines the historical process that influenced the contemporary practices in the work of female artistes in Diaspora. The work complicates the experiences of female artistes as a manifestation of the characteristics of racial and gender inequalities driven by the struggles for self-worth and determination in the Diaspora. Invariably, this work analysed how cultural ideas from Africa transferred to the diaspora. Significantly, the African female artistes in Diaspora use their work to re-enact and revolve culture by which entrepreneurial tendencies featured. The historical method is adopted.

The Western Sephardic Diaspora

The western Sephardic diaspora was created by descendants of Jews who underwent forced baptism in Portugal in 1497, just a few years after the expulsion from Spain had brought a flood of Jewish exiles across the border. These conversos, many of them crypto-Jews, became known as the “nação” (“nation”), a term that conveyed an ambiguous identity that had made them targets of the Portuguese Inquisition. At first, some immigrated to Iberian colonial lands or fled to Jewish communities in Italy and the Ottoman Empire. By the mid-sixteenth century, some who were active in the expanding Atlantic trade began settling in southwest France as “New Christians.” In the seventeenth century Portuguese ex-conversos were able to build a thriving, openly practicing Jewish community in the Atlantic commercial center of Amsterdam. This became the hub of a diaspora that eventually included the Caribbean and the Atlantic coast of North America. Although some of its traditions have been carefully preserved, by the mid-eighteenth century this once dynamic diaspora had lost much of its commercial and cultural vitality.

Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific: Themes and Future Directions

This article focuses on the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) located across the Pacific Ocean by sampling three temporal themes: living heritage and traditional indigenous cultural heritage, the global connections of the Manila Galleon trade, and the modern warfare of World War II (WWII). Many of the traditional cultural practices (living heritage) and tangible cultural heritage related to indigenous people of the Pacific are coastal and sea related. Their world encompasses the sea, which was not seen as a barrier as but a much-used connection to people occupying the thousands of islands. The Pacific contains an extensive maritime cultural heritage, including UCH, which reflects the cultural identity of people living in the region. From the 16th to 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire prospered through an elaborate Asia-Pacific trade network. The Manila Galleon trade between Manila, Philippines, and Acapulco, Mexico, connected into the existing Atlantic trade transporting commodities such as porcelain, silver, spices and textiles from Asia to the Americas and Spain. Of the 400 known voyages between 1565 and 1815, approximately 59 shipwrecks occurred, of which only a handful of galleons have been investigated. The scale of WWII heritage in the Pacific region reflects the intensity and impacts of global conflicts fought across the world’s largest ocean. Associated UCH includes near shore defensive infrastructure, landing and amphibious assault craft, submerged aircraft, and a wide range of ships and submarines, auxiliary, combatant and non-military casualties alike. Twentieth century warfare involved massive losses of material. The legacy of submerged battlefields in the Pacific is complex. Interest is high in the discovery of naval UCH, but critical aspects are often intertwined. Archaeology, history, reuse, memorialisation (gravesites), tourism, unexploded ordnance, environmental threat (fuel oil), ownership and salvage all shape what we can learn from this resource.

Entre Senegâmbia e Angola: comércio atlântico, protagonismo africano e dinâmicas regionais (séculos XVII e XIX)

<p>Este artigo tem por intenção discutir o funcionamento do comércio de longa distância no interior de duas regiões que foram profundamente integradas às malhas do comércio atlântico, a Senegâmbia e a Angola Central, em dois momentos de reconfiguração econômica dessas macrorregiões: a intensificação do contato dos povos da Senegâmbia com o comércio atlântico nos séculos XVI e XVII e as novas demandas por gêneros coloniais de Angola em meados do XIX, após a proibição legal do tráfico de escravizados. Para isso, analisamos as dinâmicas sociais e econômicas pré-existentes nas regiões, os agentes comerciais envolvidos neste comércio, bem como a circulação de mercadorias atlânticas, debatendo por fim sobre as transformações políticas, sociais e econômicas causadas por esses processos históricos.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>comércio atlântico | agência | Senegâmbia | Planalto Central angolano.</p><p> <em> </em></p><p><em><em><strong>Abstract:</strong></em></em></p><p><em>This article discusses the operation of long distance trade within two regions that have been deeply integrated into </em><em>networks of </em><em>Atlantic </em><em>commerce</em><em>, Senegambia and Central Angola, </em><em>during</em><em> two </em><em>periods when these macro-regions </em><em>were undergoing economic reconfiguration: the intensification of contact </em><em>by </em><em>Senegambian peoples with Atlantic trade in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the new demands for colonial goods from Angola in the mid-1800s, after the real prohibition</em> <em>of the slave trade. Thus, we analyze the preexisting social and economic dynamics in the regions, the commercial agents, and the circulation of Atlantic goods, debating the political, social and economic transformations caused by these historical processes.</em></p><p><em><em><em><strong>Keywords: </strong></em></em>atlantic commerce | agency | Senegambia | Angolan Central Highlands.</em></p>