Conclusion

Atlantic Wars ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Plank
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Territorial Boundaries ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

The conclusion contrasts Atlantic warfare in the early modern era with the pattern that developed over the course of the nineteenth century. In the nineteenth century Europeans and their descendants continued to dominate the ocean and, in the Americas, they increasingly achieved supremacy on land. Improved transportation, mass migration from Europe, and economic growth facilitated this change, along with a tacit agreement among national states and empires that they would not ally themselves with indigenous peoples, slaves, or maroons outside their own internationally recognized territorial boundaries. Africans relied on European firearms and became vulnerable when weapon technologies changed in the second half of the century. The violence of the early modern era laid the foundations for the racial hierarchy that was erected in the nineteenth century, but in the earlier period warfare had not divided the peoples of the Atlantic world so simply.

scholarly journals England’s “Bloody Code” in Crisis and Transition: Executions at the Old Bailey, 1760–1837

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Devereaux
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Old Bailey ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Execution Rates ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

The most celebrated and influential history of execution in England, V.A.C. Gatrell’s The Hanging Tree (Oxford, 1994), uses a survey of execution rates to make two very striking and seemingly persuasive assertions. First, more people were being hanged in early nineteenth-century England than at any time since the early modern era; and second, that the end of capital punishment came far more suddenly than previous studies have recognized. This article acknowledges and extends the importance of Gatrell’s first insight, while arguing that he nevertheless both understates the complexity of developments and overstates the suddenness with which both the letter and the practice of capital punishment were abandoned. It does so through a careful recalculation and analysis of execution rates at London’s Old Bailey courthouse, where execution was practiced on a far larger scale than in any other jurisdiction in the Anglo-American world, and whose practice most profoundly shaped the perceptions of both critics and proponents of capital punishment alike.

The Ottoman Caliphate and Muslims of the Philippine Archipelago during the Early Modern Era

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Donoso
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Especial Reference ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

This chapter examines the Ottoman role in politics in the Philippines with especial reference to the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, when much of the Philippine Archipelago came under Spanish control. Spanish documents analysed here suggest that colonial policy-makers were profoundly concerned about potential Ottoman influence over the Muslim sultanates of the Philippines—Sulu and Maguindanao. The Spanish archival and literary sources also contain records of attempts by the Philippine sultanates to contact the Ottoman Caliph in Istanbul, not merely to counter the Spanish threat but also to intervene in internal disputes. These efforts never seem to have met with success. Eventually, instead of gaining Ottoman protection, and despite adopting Caliphal titles, at the end of the nineteenth century the Philippine sultanates were forced to accept Spanish suzerainty.

Intertextuality in Folklore: Pagan Themes in Jewish Folktales from the Early Modern Era

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-80
Author(s):  
Eli Yassif
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Folk Narrative ◽  
Powerful Effect ◽  
Religious Meaning ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

AbstractThis article deals with the concept of intertextuality in folk narrative—a theme that has been dealt with only rarely. By analyzing the Hasidic, nineteenth-century folktale of The Sacrificers of Children, we attempt to demonstrate the importance of this theme for folkloristic scholarship and its centrality in the interpretation of folktales.The true importance of intertextuality lies in its contribution to the complexity of the text. The presence of secondary textual elements that are incorporated into the primary text but do not interfere with its ideological and aesthetic independence creates the powerful effect of multiple layers and meanings.We have here a story whose intent and purpose are distinctly and unquestionably didactic and conservative. The storyteller uses the earlier sources—biblical, midrashic, travel literature, medieval exempla—not only as narrative materials, but as references which can bring religious meaning and authority to his text. And yet it can also be read from an entirely different perspective thanks to textual elements from another world, and one which is diametrically opposed to Jewish morality. The intertextuality here is not, therefore, simply an interweaving of texts, but an existential dialogue that is conducted and deciphered by means of textual elements.

Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kivanç Karaman ◽  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Fiscal Centralization ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

The early modern era witnessed the formation across Europe of centralized states that captured increasing shares of resources as taxes. These states not only enjoyed greater capacity to deal with domestic and external challenges, they were also able to shield their economies better against wars. This article examines the Ottoman experience with fiscal centralization using recently compiled evidence from budgets. It shows that due to high shares of intermediaries, Ottoman revenues lagged behind those of other states in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Ottomans responded to military defeats, however, and achieved significant increases in central revenues during the nineteenth century.

States and Statelessness

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Hawthorne
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

This chapter examines the history of state-based and stateless societies in Africa, focusing on how local political and economic processes have mediated broader regional and global processes. It considers the factors which distinguish states from stateless societies, evaluates the shifting historiography, and charts the entangled histories of states and stateless peoples from the early modern era to the nineteenth century and on to the era of colonial conquest and rule.

Philosophic Pride

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
Hugo Grotius ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

This is the first full-scale look at the essential place of Stoicism in the foundations of modern political thought. Spanning the period from Justus Lipsius's Politics in 1589 to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile in 1762, and concentrating on arguments originating from England, France, and the Netherlands, the book considers how political writers of the period engaged with the ideas of the Roman and Greek Stoics that they found in works by Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The book examines key texts in their historical context, paying special attention to the history of classical scholarship and the historiography of philosophy. The book delves into the persisting tension between Stoicism and the tradition of Augustinian anti-Stoic criticism, which held Stoicism to be a philosophy for the proud who denied their fallen condition. Concentrating on arguments in moral psychology surrounding the foundations of human sociability and self-love, the book details how the engagement with Roman Stoicism shaped early modern political philosophy and offers significant new interpretations of Lipsius and Rousseau together with fresh perspectives on the political thought of Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes. The book shows how the legacy of the Stoics played a vital role in European intellectual life in the early modern era.

Inventing Laziness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melis Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Civic Culture ◽  
Exclusionary Practices ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ottoman History ◽  
The People ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Shifting Boundaries ◽  
Modern Era

Neither laziness nor its condemnation are new inventions, however, perceiving laziness as a social condition that afflicts a 'nation' is. In the early modern era, Ottoman political treatises did not regard the people as the source of the state's problems. Yet in the nineteenth century, as the imperial ideology of Ottomanism and modern discourses of citizenship spread, so did the understanding of laziness as a social disease that the 'Ottoman nation' needed to eradicate. Asking what we can learn about Ottoman history over the long nineteenth-century by looking closely into the contested and shifting boundaries of the laziness - productivity binary, Melis Hafez explores how 'laziness' can be used to understand emerging civic culture and its exclusionary practices in the Ottoman Empire. A polyphonic involvement of moralists, intellectuals, polemicists, novelists, bureaucrats, and, to an extent, the public reveals the complexities and ambiguities of this multifaceted cultural transformation. Using a wide variety of sources, this book explores the sustained anxiety about productivity that generated numerous reforms as well as new understandings of morality, subjectivity, citizenship, and nationhood among the Ottomans.

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