The Arrival of the Romans

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-73
Author(s):  
Duane W. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Sea Coast

Mithridates II was succeeded by his ephemeral son, Mithridates III, and then by 220 BC his son, Pharnakes I, was on the throne. He was a powerful and aggressive monarch who ruled for over thirty years and greatly expanded the territorial extent of the kingdom. He lived in an era of great change in the Hellenistic world, as the Romans began to become involved in the destinies of the eastern Mediterranean states: Pharnakes reached out to the Romans in the 180s BC concerning territorial disputes in Asia Minor. He engaged in war with his powerful neighbor to the west, Pergamon, but was forced to sign a peace treaty not to his advantage. Yet he expanded Pontic territory along the Black Sea coast and made several alliances with the Greek cities on the northern and western coast of the sea, especially in the kingdom of Bosporos (modern Crimea).

The Founder

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Duane W. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Northern Asia ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
New States ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Sea Coast

The Pontic state began with the ambitions of Mithridates I, known as “the Founder,” a refugee from the unforgiving politics of the generation after Alexander the Great. He sought refuge in the rugged country of northern Asia Minor and declared himself king in the early third century BC, establishing what came to be called the kingdom of Pontos, creating its first capital, the fortress city of Amaseia on the Iris River. He also established a foothold on the Black Sea coast at Amastris. By the time of his death in 266 BC, Pontos had begun to emerge as one of the new states of the Hellenistic world.

A new cave-dwelling species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) from the West Caucasus

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
I.A. Belousov ◽  
A.G. Koval
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Sea Coast

A new species of the genus Cimmerites Jeannel, 1928, C. maximovitchi sp. nov., is described from the Akhunskaya Cave and Labirintovaya Cave, both located in the Akhun Karst Massif on the Black Sea Coast of the West Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory, Russia). The new species is rather isolated within the genus Cimmerites and occupies an intermediate position between species related to C. kryzhanovskii Belousov, 1998 and species close to C. vagabundus Belousov, 1998. Though both C. maximovitchi sp. nov. and C. kryzhanovskii are still known only from caves, these species are quite similar in their life form to other members of the genus which are all true endogean species.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Duane W. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Alps ◽  
South Shore ◽  
Sea Coast

In early 63 BC, Mithridates the Great, king of Pontos, who ruled a territory that included most of the Black Sea coast, was in residence at his palace at Pantikapaion, just north of the sea. For thirty years he had been fighting the Romans for dominance in Asia Minor and beyond, and although he had won numerous victories, the overall trajectory was one of steady defeat for the king as Roman power spread to the east. He had been forced to abandon his traditional capital of Sinope, on the south shore of the sea, and retreat to the farthest corner of his kingdom at Pantikapaion, one of the most remote cities of the Greco-Roman world, where winters were unimaginably cold and the barbarian threat was ever present. Many of his allies and much of his family had abandoned him. Although he planned an invasion of Italy by going up the Danube and south through the Alps, imitating his famous predecessor Hannibal, he devoted most of his time to botany and pharmacology, in the long-standing tradition of scholarly royalty. But eventually he realized that he had no other options, and thus asked a bodyguard to kill him. Thus ended the career of one of the most remarkable leaders of classical antiquity, the man whom his younger contemporary Cicero called “the greatest king since Alexander [the Great].”...

scholarly journals Settlement dynamics of the Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina (Temm.) on the Crimean Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (23) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
A. N. Tsvelykh ◽  
◽  
V. M. Kucherenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Species Expansion ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Central Crimea ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The expansion of Oenanthe isabellina in Ukraine began at the end of 1950s - early 1960s. The Isabelline Wheatear settled along the coast of the Sea of Azov from east to west and appeared on the Crimean Peninsula later than in the regions located to the west of it. Since the late 1960s, this species has been nesting near the mouth of the Dnipro River which located in the west of the Crimean Peninsula. The nesting of Oenanthe isabellina was found in the northern part of the Crimean Peninsula in 1973. In the mid-1980s, the Isabelline Wheatear inhabited the northwestern coast of Crimea and appeared far in the east - on the Kerch Peninsula. In the southeastern part of the peninsula the range of the Wheatear reached the Black Sea coast by the end of the 1980s, when the species nesting was found near Feodosia. In the southeastern part of Crimea, the Isabelline Wheatear continued to settle along the Black Sea coast in a westerly direction in the 1990s: its nesting was found near Sudak. In the central Crimea, the species range reached the northern foothills of the Crimean Mountains at this time. The species expansion to the south slowed down by the beginning of the 2000s. In the western Crimea, the southernmost settlement of the Isabelline Wheatear was found near Evpatoria. In the northern foothills of the Crimean Mountains (Central Crimea), the range border has not changed. There were no significant changes in the southeastern Crimea during this period - in the 2000s, O. isabellina nested near Sudak as in the 1990s. The species expansion almost stopped in Crimea in the 2010s. The settling of the Isabelline Wheatear in the steppe regions of the southwestern Crimea did not occur, possibly due to the absence of little ground squirrel settlements, whose burrows birds usually use for nesting. The border of the O. isabellina range has moved southward on about 100 km for three decades - from the beginning of the 1970s to the beginning of the 2000s -, i.e. the settlement speed of the species in Crimea was about 3 km per year.

scholarly journals The Halophytic Vegetation in South-East Bulgaria and Along the Black Sea Coast

Hacquetia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossen Tzonev ◽  
Tatiana Lysenko ◽  
Chavdar Gusev ◽  
Petar Zhelev
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Dominant Structure ◽  
Sea Coast

The Halophytic Vegetation in South-East Bulgaria and Along the Black Sea CoastThe paper presents results of a syntaxonomic analysis of the herbaceous phytocoenoses on the salt steppes, meadows and marshes in Southeastern Bulgaria, and along the Southern Black Sea Coast. The halophytic vegetation is distributed mostly in the Tundzha Lowland and the large salt lakes along the Black Sea Coast, where the saline soils occupy large territories. Most syntaxa identified in the paper are well-known and wide-spread in Central and Eastern Europe (Salicornietum prostratae, Suaedetum maritimae, Juncetum maritimaeetc.), but there are also some specific vegetation types, which are presented by endemic associations asPetrosimonio brachiatae-Puccinellietum convolutae, Bupleuro tenuissimae-Camphorosmetum monspeliacae.The most widespread one isDiantho pallidiflori-Puccinellietum convolutae.It demonstrates a big variation in the appearance and the dominant structure of the described phytocoenoses. The comparision of the Bulgarian halophytic vegetation with other places in Europe shows its similarities with these vegetation types distributed in the Eastern Mediterranean and Central and Eastern Europe.

scholarly journals Geomorphology of outflow part Batova river valley

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Ivalena Vulcheva-Georgieva ◽  
Svetla Stankova
Keyword(s):  
Contact Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
River Valley ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Holocene Sediments ◽  
Sea Coast

Abstract Firths are geomoiphological and hydrological sites typical for flat, neutral coast of no tidal sea basins. There in the greatest extend is preserved the geological column of the correlative Pleistocene- Holocene sediments. They make possible to reveal the Quaternary evolution of the contact zone „land-sea“. Firths are one of the most reliable indicators for the Quaternary Earth crust movements. Along the Black Sea coast most widely are developed the firths in the north - west and the west periphery, where they form a classic firth type coast. This report examines the results of complex studies of Batova river firth, located (developed) on the North Bulgarian Black Sea coast.

scholarly journals Holocene fluctuations of the Black Sea level and human activities along the south Black Sea coast

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
Dimitar Sinnyovsky
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Holocene Sediments ◽  
Roman Age ◽  
Sea Coast

Holocene fluctuations of the Black Sea level have played a significant role in the existence of the Black Sea polis-cities. The high sea-level during the Novochernomorian transgression is followed by the Phanagorian regression when the sea level reached its minimum of 3 m below the modern sea level during the antiquity (Roman Age). Then, on the west coast of Mandra Lake the Roman polis Deultum was founded which became a flourishing port. The discrepancy between the low sea level and ancient navigation activity in Mandra Lake is a challenge for further investigations of the Holocene sediments.

MORPHOLOGY AND DYNAMICS OF THE LIMANIC BARRIERS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST UNDER ACTIVE ANTROPOGENOUS IMPACT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г. Выхованец ◽  
G. Vyhovanec
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Sea Sand ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Typical coastal elements of limans and lagoons are barriers, that separate limanic aquatories from a Seas. On limanic shores structure of the Black Sea sand barriers represented three longitudinal landscape “zones”: sea beach (“frontal”), dune-aeolian and limanic (“back of the barrier”). They closely interactive between themselves under influence of lithodynamical exchanges of sediment. General tendency of the barriers dynamics is displacement to Land direction.

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