Near and Distant Lands in First Crusade Songs

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-187
Author(s):  
Rachel May Golden
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Circular Motion ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
Attitudes Toward Violence

Two First Crusade songs from the turn of the twelfth century—Ierusalem mirabilis and Nomen a solemnibus—demonstrate Occitanian attitudes toward violence, Jerusalem, and dynamic Crusade journeys. Both come from the Aquitanian versus repertory and reference current or recent events pertaining to the First Crusade, and the state of Jerusalem between 1096 and 1099. In this way, they enhance our understanding of the versus repertory, which typically focuses on broader themes of Marian and Christological theology. Both songs rely upon various elements of Pope Urban’s Crusade call and contemporaneous crusading ideologies. They employ musical-poetic rhetorical techniques such as circular motion and dialectic opposition in order to portray the early Crusades as active, vital campaigns. The also employ deictic language to mark positionality and us-versus-them belief systems. In so doing, they position Jerusalem and Occitania—conceptually and geographically—in relation to one another, particularly through spatial notions of nearness and distance.

Bastard Feudalism and the Framing of Thirteenth-Century England

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

In the introduction to his great work of 2005, Framing the Early Middle Ages, Chris Wickham urged not only the necessity of carefully framing our studies at the outset but also the importance of closely defining the words and concepts that we employ, the avoidance ‘cultural sollipsism’ wherever possible and the need to pay particular attention to continuities and discontinuities. Chris has, of course, followed these precepts on a vast scale. My aim in this chapter is a modest one. I aim to review the framing of thirteenth-century England in terms of two only of Chris’s themes: the aristocracy and the state—and even then primarily in terms of the relationship between the two. By the thirteenth century I mean a long thirteenth century stretching from the period of the Angevin reforms of the later twelfth century on the one hand to the early to mid-fourteenth on the other; the reasons for taking this span will, I hope, become clearer during the course of the chapter, but few would doubt that it has a validity.

Reinventing spiritual care in a secular context: the chaplain as entrepreneur

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Hetty Zock
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Professional Identity ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Spiritual Care ◽  
Community Care ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Care Community ◽  
Cultural Climate ◽  
Recent Developments

This paper discusses the state of chaplaincy—professional spiritual care—in the secularized context of the Netherlands. The present religious and cultural climate is sketched, as well as the organization of chaplaincy and the daily practices of chaplains. Two important recent developments are highlighted: the rise of non-denominational spiritual care and spiritual caregivers getting involved in extramural care (community care). Finally, the Guideline Spiritual Care—an interdisciplinary model for providing spiritual care—is presented. It is argued that chaplaincy in the Netherlands has gone through a process of transformation, in which the relation between the professional and the religious identity of the chaplain had to be redefined. Spiritual care may still be denominationally organized in the Netherlands, but the spiritual caregivers share a common professional identity as professionals who focus on meaning, belief systems, and ethics.

The Ecclesiastical Organization of Central Greece at the Time of Michael Choniates

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Herrin
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Developing Economy ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Byzantine Church ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
New Evidence

This chapter examines the ecclesiastical organization of Central Greece at the time when Michael Choniates was Metropolitan of Athens (1182–1205). Using new evidence from the Codex Atheniensis 1371, it considers the state of the Byzantine church in Central Greece during the period. The Codex Atheniensis is a manuscript that contains a Notitia episcopatuum (list of metropolitans and bishops subject to the patriarchate of Constantinople). To establish the ecclesiastical sees in Central Greece at the end of the twelfth century, it is necessary to distinguish between several Notitiae. The evidence suggests that at least ten new bishoprics had been created in Central Greece since the time of the Emperor John Tzimiskes. The chapter argues that these new bishoprics were created to meet an immediate need—an expanding Orthodox population. An expanding population, combined with a developing economy, indicates that Central Greece was possibly experiencing prosperity.

scholarly journals Afghan-Hazara Migration and Relocation in a Globalised Australia

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Aidan Parkes
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
The Impact

This study examines a set of unique isolated lived-experiences to offer some general observations concerning Afghan-Hazara migration, relocation, and individuation in Australia. Culture may have the appearance of immutability. However, like any social formation, it is produced, reproduced, and contested through time. Everyone is an individual, and while we speak of the impact and culture, lived-experience is very different. People always have choices they can make about what lessons they might derive from experiences. If one faces discrimination within the realm of the state, which is historically well documented where Hazaras are concerned, one begins looking for alternative pathways to advancement. These include personalised networks in religious communities, education, and business entrepreneurship. The study analyses the fluid nature of belief systems, and the multiplicity of ways lived-experience shapes individuation and reshapes identity through pathways to advancement in a globalising Australia.

scholarly journals First Crusade Letters and Medieval Monastic Scribal Cultures

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-501
Author(s):  
THOMAS W. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Research

The letters of the First Crusade have traditionally been read as authentic and trustworthy eyewitness accounts of the expedition and they contribute greatly to scholarly understanding of the campaign. But new research on them demonstrates that many of the documents are in fact twelfth-century confections produced in the monastic communities of the West as a means of supporting, participating in and engaging with the crusading movement. This article develops new approaches to the letters and new research questions which account for and accept the problematic authenticity of the corpus, pivoting away from traditional methodologies to explore the monastic scribal cultures that produced and consumed First Crusade letters.

The Waldensian Recourse to Violence

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna K. Treesh
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Reformation

From their origins in the twelfth century to their support for and involvement in the Reformation in the sixteenth, the Waldensian heretics professed nonviolence as one of their beliefs. Later Protestant and Catholic polemicists equated the profession of nonviolence with a policy and bestowed upon the sect a reputation as one of the precursors of religious pacifism. More recent scholars have noted that the heretics at least occasionally employed violence. I will argue that lay Waldensian believers, called credentes, reacted violently to persecution and learned to employ aggression in pursuit of political goals. In the later Middle Ages, at least, Waldensians resorted to violence on enough occasions and in enough different locations to justify dropping the idea that they were a nonviolent group. Their use of violence did become more sophisticated—that is, more closely connected to political goals—during the fifteenth century as access to representatives of the state increased.

The contents and affiliation of the scientific manuscripts written at, or brought to, Chartres in the time of John of Salisbury

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 127-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
John Of Salisbury ◽  
New Science ◽  
Scientific Learning

In the debate over the state of cathedral schools and their displacement as centres of learning by the rising universities, the case of Chartres has, for nearly a century, excited the most attention. Much has been written on, first, whether the activity of several prominent intellectuals of the twelfth century such as Thierry, William of Conches and Gilbert of Poitiers was primarily at Chartres or at Paris; and, secondly, whether the thought of ‘Chartrian’ masters is old-fashioned or open to the profound changes which effected twelfth-century scientific learning. These changes resulted largely from the introduction of works translated from Greek and Arabic during that century. In this paper I try to clarify the situation at Chartres itself by summing up the evidence from the manuscripts known to have been in the cathedral library in the twelfth century of the degree to which this ‘new science’ was received there, and how it was assimilated.

The Hebrew First Crusade Chronicles: Further Reflections

AJS Review ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
Robert Chazan
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Previous Article ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
Poor State ◽  
Starting Point

In a previous article, I studied the short and anonymous Hebrew First Crusade chronicle. The choice of text S as the starting point for an investigation of the three surviving records of Jewish suffering and heroism in 1096 was a natural one. The text, as it now stands, constitutes a wellorganized and coherent unit, broken off suddenly during the depiction of the destruction of Mayence Jewry. While it is certain that the chronicler did not witness personally all the events which he described, he did integrate his written and oral sources into an account which exhibits a broad and consistent grasp of the unfolding of the First Crusade and the related violence which inundated Rhineland Jewry.L, the longest of the Hebrew First Crusade chronicles, is more difficult to analyze, partly because of the length of the text, partly because of its poor state of preservation, and partly because the awkwardness of the chronicler has left tantalizing hints regarding the process of editing. Like S, L is based on a series of written and oral sources. The editor of L, however, was less adroit than the editor of S in fusing his sources into a satisfying unit. Because of this lack of grace, the hand of the editor is more apparent in L, although the precise dimensions of his role cannot be fully clarified on the basis of the texts currently available. While the problems associated with L are vexing, its richness of detail and its power necessitate an effort to clarify some of these problems and to suggest tentative solutions. Many of our conclusions will be speculative; the state of the text and its sister texts will allow no more.

The Emergence of the Military Order in the Twelfth Century

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Forey
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Century ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
Order Of Santiago ◽  
The Military

At the time when encyclopaedic works on the military orders began to be produced in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it was widely held that the military order was an institution which had existed for most of the Christian era. Many of the orders catalogued in these volumes were reported to have been founded well before the period of the crusades, although there were often conflicting opinions about the precise antiquity of a particular foundation. Various dates were, for example, given for the establishment of the military order which the knights of the Holy Sepulchre were thought to constitute: although some held that it had been founded shortly after the first crusade, its creation was attributed by others to St James the Less in the first century A.D., while its origins were also placed in the time of Constantine and in that of Charlemagne. The foundation of the order of Santiago, which in fact occurred in 1170, was often traced back to the ninth century; yet while some linked it with the supposed discovery of the body of St James during the reign of Alfonso 11, others associated it with the legendary victory of Clavijo, which was placed in the time of Ramiro i. The accumulation of myth and tradition recorded in these encyclopaedias has exercised a prolonged influence on historians of the military orders: disproof has not always been sufficient to silence a persistent tradition. It is, nevertheless, clear that the Christian military order, in the sense of an institution whose members combined a military with a religious way of life, in fact originated during the earlier part of the twelfth century in the Holy Land.

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