Belief and Judgment

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-38
Author(s):  
Eric Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Human Infants ◽  
The Law

I develop an account of belief by way of discussing the following five interrelated truths: (i) to believe that p is to represent p as true; (ii) truth is a standard by which beliefs are assessed; (iii) a certain sense of the question ‘Why?’ has application to beliefs; (iv) beliefs are governed by the law of non-contradiction; and (v) a belief is the sort of thing one can bring to mind. To believe, I argue, is to represent a proposition as what one should represent as true. Paradigmatic beliefs (which I call judgments) are governed metaphysically, and not just normatively, by the law of non-contradiction. One cannot clearly and distinctly at once represent as true both a proposition and its contrary. I respond to a variety of objections to this position, including—at length—the objection that the account is undermined by the beliefs of non-human animals and human infants.

From right to sin

2021 ◽  
pp. 353-358
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Female Infanticide ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
The Law ◽  
Father's Rights

This chapter investigates changes in infanticide legislation as indicators of the attitude of states towards the neonate. In antique East Asian societies in which the bride’s family had to pay an excessive dowry, selective female infanticide was the rule, despite formal interdiction by the law. In Greece and Rome, children’s lives had little value, and the father’s rights included killing his own children. The proportion of men greatly exceeding women found in many cultures and epochs, suggests that girls suffered infanticide more often than boys. A kind of social birth, the ritual right to survive, rested on the procedure of name giving in Roman culture and on the start of oral feeding in Germanic tradition. Legislative efforts to protect the newborn began with Trajan’s ‘alimentaria’ laws in 103 c.e. and Constantine’s laws following his conversion to Christianity in 313 c.e. Malformed newborns were not regarded as human infants and usually were killed immediately after birth. Infanticide was formally outlawed in 374 c.e. by Emperor Valentinian.

Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Richard ◽  
Hannah Pallubinsky ◽  
Denis P. Blondin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
And Function

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.

Ethical Challenges: Less About Moral Wrongdoing and More About Communication Breakdown

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Leslie ◽  
Mary Casper
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Thickened Liquids ◽  
Communication Breakdown ◽  
Professional Duty ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
The Law ◽  
Personal Case

“My patient refuses thickened liquids, should I discharge them from my caseload?” A version of this question appears at least weekly on the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Community pages. People talk of respecting the patient's right to be non-compliant with speech-language pathology recommendations. We challenge use of the word “respect” and calling a patient “non-compliant” in the same sentence: does use of the latter term preclude the former? In this article we will share our reflections on why we are interested in these so called “ethical challenges” from a personal case level to what our professional duty requires of us. Our proposal is that the problems that we encounter are less to do with ethical or moral puzzles and usually due to inadequate communication. We will outline resources that clinicians may use to support their work from what seems to be a straightforward case to those that are mired in complexity. And we will tackle fears and facts regarding litigation and the law.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document