Justice
The right to justice is central to modern human rights law. This is often summarised as a right to a fair trial but the right to justice has other important dimensions. In terms of fair trial rights, they encompass the right to equality before and under the law and to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal. When the trial is criminal in nature, the presumption of innocence must be respected as well as many detailed guarantees for the defence. Special procedural protections are required when children are prosecuted. Furthermore, the principle of legality, which comprises a prohibition of retroactive criminality and requirements of legal certainty, must be ensured. The right to justice also comprises a broader right of access to justice.