Singular Group Agents

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Group Action ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Prima Facie Case ◽  
Distributive Reading ◽  
Group Agent ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
Reductive Account

Chapter 3 identifies features of plural group agents (picked out using plural referring terms) to contrast them with singular group agents (picked out with grammatically singular referring terms). On the basis of the contrasts, it develops the prima facie case against a reductive account of singular group action sentences. The main contrasts developed are that (i) many singular group action sentences appear not to admit of a distributive reading, (ii) membership in a singular group agent requires a special social status, (iii) singular group agents persist through changes in membership, (iv) could have had different members, (v) can act through periods during which their membership changes entirely, and (vi) appear to be able to act though not all their members contribute, in contrast to plural group agents.

The Apparent Autonomy of Singular Group Agents

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Group Action ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Membership Relation ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
Reductive Account

Chapter 5 shows how to extend the multiple agents account of plural agency to the case of grammatically singular group action sentences in a way that explains some of the features of singular group action sentences that were identified in Chapter 3 as suggesting that a reductive account was implausible. First, it shows how to integrate the time indexed membership relation into the account. Second, it explains how this enables us to understand singular group action sentences in which it appears that such groups do things through changes in their membership in a way that only appeals to the agents who are members of it at any given time. Third, it shows that the fact that it appears that singular group agents could have had different members than they do is just a matter of their being picked out via descriptions which could have had different denotations.

scholarly journals Human Rights Law Without Natural Moral Rights

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Rowan Cruft
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Current System ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Prima Facie Case ◽  
Human Rights Practice

In this latest work by one of our leading political and legal philosophers, Allen Buchanan outlines a novel framework for assessing the system of international human rights law—the system that he takes to be the heart of modern human rights practice. Buchanan does not offer a full justification for the current system, but rather aims “to make a strong prima facie case that the existing system as a whole has what it takes to warrant our support of it on moral grounds, even if some aspects of it are defective and should be the object of serious efforts at improvement” (p. 173).

Prima Facie Case

2018 ◽  
pp. 2796-2797
Author(s):  
Robert L. Heilbronner
Keyword(s):  
Prima Facie ◽  
Prima Facie Case

Fairness to Idleness is There A Right Not to Work?

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Levine
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
The State ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Prima Facie Case ◽  
Involuntary Unemployment ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
Productive Labor ◽  
The Unemployed

It is universally agreed that involuntary unemployment is an evil for unemployed individuals, who lose both income and the non-pecuniary benefits of paid employment, and for society, which loses the productive labor that the unemployed are unable to expend. It is nearly as widely agreed that there is at least a prima-facie case for alleviating this evil – for reasons of justice and/or benevolence and/or social order. Finally, there is little doubt that the evils of involuntary unemployment cannot be adequately addressed in contemporary societies without state intervention – whether through monetary or fiscal policies, cash payments or other subsidies to the unemployed, direct provision of employment by the state, or some combination of these measures.

Memoirs: On the Nature of the Trabecula Cranii

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (296) ◽  
pp. 701-536
Author(s):  
G.R. R. de BEER
Keyword(s):  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Prima Facie Case ◽  
The Brain

1. The existing evidence concerning the origin and nature of the trabecula cranii is reviewed, and it is shown that it constitutes a prima facie case for supporting Huxley's opinion that it represents a visceral structure. 2. The origin of the trabecula is studied in Scyllium canicula, Salmo fario, Rana temporaria, and Amblystoma tigrinum, and the results of this investigation support Huxley's opinion. 3. The grounds for adhering to Huxley's view are chiefly that: the trabecular rudiment is a mesenchymatous condensation in the maxillary process; there is no evidence of the trabecular rudiment being derived from the somites; the trabecular rudiment is closely associated with that of the pterygo-quadrate; if the trabecular rudiment is of sclerotomic origin, then the palatine process of the pterygo-quadrate and the mesenchyme of the ventral side of the front of the head must also be derived from the sclerotonies: an impossible conclusion. 4. The implications of the recognition of the trabecula as a premandibular arch are considered, and it is concluded that the mouth of Gnathostomata represents the original velar perforation of Amphioxus which has extended to the side and obliterated a pair of mandibular clefts or the dermal pouches corresponding to them. 5. Sewertzoff's view that the brain-case of Petromyzon is wholly chordal in composition is supported, and the homologues of the trabeculae are represented by a pair of premandibular visceral arches.

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