The Apparent Autonomy of Singular Group Agents

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Group Action ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Membership Relation ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
Reductive Account

Chapter 5 shows how to extend the multiple agents account of plural agency to the case of grammatically singular group action sentences in a way that explains some of the features of singular group action sentences that were identified in Chapter 3 as suggesting that a reductive account was implausible. First, it shows how to integrate the time indexed membership relation into the account. Second, it explains how this enables us to understand singular group action sentences in which it appears that such groups do things through changes in their membership in a way that only appeals to the agents who are members of it at any given time. Third, it shows that the fact that it appears that singular group agents could have had different members than they do is just a matter of their being picked out via descriptions which could have had different denotations.

Singular Group Agents

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Group Action ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Prima Facie Case ◽  
Distributive Reading ◽  
Group Agent ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
Reductive Account

Chapter 3 identifies features of plural group agents (picked out using plural referring terms) to contrast them with singular group agents (picked out with grammatically singular referring terms). On the basis of the contrasts, it develops the prima facie case against a reductive account of singular group action sentences. The main contrasts developed are that (i) many singular group action sentences appear not to admit of a distributive reading, (ii) membership in a singular group agent requires a special social status, (iii) singular group agents persist through changes in membership, (iv) could have had different members, (v) can act through periods during which their membership changes entirely, and (vi) appear to be able to act though not all their members contribute, in contrast to plural group agents.

Summary and Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Group Action ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Collective Acceptance ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Group Agents

This chapter summarizes in broad terms the work of the book, which focuses on how the multiple agents account of collective action can be extended to institutional and mob action. It reviews the problems raised by singular group agents. It reviews the account of logical form developed for grammatically singular group action sentences. It reviews the account of constitutive rules and constitutive agency. It reviews the analysis of status functions, collective acceptance, and conventions. It reviews the account of membership in singular group agents. It reviews the account of proxy agency. It reviews the application to corporations and nation states. It concludes with a big picture view of the territory and brief description of directions for future research.

From Plural to Institutional Agency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
Strong Form ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Group Agency ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Institutional Agency ◽  
Reductive Account

Can institutional agency be understood in terms of informal (plural) group agency? This book argues that the answer is ‘yes’, and more specifically that both can be understood ultimately in terms of the agency of individuals who are members of such groups and in terms of the concepts already at play in our understanding of individual agency. Thus, the book argues for a strong form of methodological individualism. It is the second part of a two-part project that extends the multiple agents account of plural agency in From Individual to Plural Agency (OUP 2016) to institutional agency. It argues that the key to understanding institutional agency is recognizing that the time-indexed institutional membership relation is socially constructed in the sense that it is a special type of status function, a status role, which is accepted by the agent who fills the role. The book analyzes constitutive rules in terms of essentially intentional patterns of collective action and status functions in terms of constitutive rules and conventions. It analyzes institutions as structures of interrelated status roles that can be successively occupied by different agents, and provides a reductive account of institutional action in terms of these roles and the notion of proxy agency, in which one agent or group acts through another who is authorized to act for them. The account is applied to both corporations and nation states.

scholarly journals Optimized CSIDH Implementation Using a 2-Torsion Point

Cryptography ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghoe Heo ◽  
Suhri Kim ◽  
Kisoon Yoon ◽  
Young-Ho Park ◽  
Seokhie Hong
Keyword(s):  
Elliptic Curve ◽  
Group Action ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Transitive Group ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Torsion Point ◽  
Torsion Points ◽  
Diffie Hellman ◽  
Odd Degree ◽  
Montgomery Curve

The implementation of isogeny-based cryptography mainly use Montgomery curves, as they offer fast elliptic curve arithmetic and isogeny computation. However, although Montgomery curves have efficient 3- and 4-isogeny formula, it becomes inefficient when recovering the coefficient of the image curve for large degree isogenies. Because the Commutative Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman (CSIDH) requires odd-degree isogenies up to at least 587, this inefficiency is the main bottleneck of using a Montgomery curve for CSIDH. In this paper, we present a new optimization method for faster CSIDH protocols entirely on Montgomery curves. To this end, we present a new parameter for CSIDH, in which the three rational two-torsion points exist. By using the proposed parameters, the CSIDH moves around the surface. The curve coefficient of the image curve can be recovered by a two-torsion point. We also proved that the CSIDH while using the proposed parameter guarantees a free and transitive group action. Additionally, we present the implementation result using our method. We demonstrated that our method is 6.4% faster than the original CSIDH. Our works show that quite higher performance of CSIDH is achieved while only using Montgomery curves.

scholarly journals On the automorphism group of a symplectic half-flat 6-manifold

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-273
Author(s):  
Fabio Podestà ◽  
Alberto Raffero
Keyword(s):  
Automorphism Group ◽  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Group Action ◽  
Cohomogeneity One ◽  
Cohomogeneity One Action

Abstract We prove that the automorphism group of a compact 6-manifold M endowed with a symplectic half-flat {\mathrm{SU}(3)} -structure has Abelian Lie algebra with dimension bounded by {\min\{5,b_{1}(M)\}} . Moreover, we study the properties of the automorphism group action and we discuss relevant examples. In particular, we provide new complete examples on {T\mathbb{S}^{3}} which are invariant under a cohomogeneity one action of {\mathrm{SO}(4)} .

scholarly journals Of pride and prejudice: agent learning under sticky and persistent stereotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-410
Author(s):  
Georg D. Blind ◽  
Stefania Lottanti von Mandach
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Private Equity ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Agent Learning ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
Level Of Effort ◽  
Group Agents ◽  
A Share

AbstractStereotypes matter for economic interaction if counterparty utility is informed by factors other than price. Stereotyped agents may engage in efforts to counter stereotype by adapting to in-group standards. We present a model informing the optimal extent of these efforts depending on an agent’s (a) share of total transactions between out- and in-group agents; and (b) share of repeated transaction pairings with in-group counterparties. Low values of (a) suppress the effect of adaptation efforts on the stereotype itself (persistence). In turn, low values of (b) mean that out-group agents cannot dissociate from stereotype (stickiness). Significantly, the model implies that the optimum level of effort may require adaptation beyond in-group standards, and that such over-adaptation attains maximum likelihood in cases where stereotype is sticky and persistent at the same time. We test our model with data on private equity buyout investments conducted in Japan between 1998 and 2015 by domestic Japanese and Anglo-Saxon funds. We document that the latter not only adapt, but eventually over-adapt. In addition, we show that their efforts are effective in reducing a premium initially asked by domestic counterparties.

scholarly journals Truthful fair division without free disposal

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Bei ◽  
Guangda Huzhang ◽  
Warut Suksompong
Keyword(s):  
Fair Division ◽  
Multiple Agents ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Free Disposal ◽  
Cake Cutting ◽  
Strategic Agents ◽  
Additional Constraints

Abstract We study the problem of fairly dividing a heterogeneous resource, commonly known as cake cutting and chore division, in the presence of strategic agents. While a number of results in this setting have been established in previous works, they rely crucially on the free disposal assumption, meaning that the mechanism is allowed to throw away part of the resource at no cost. In the present work, we remove this assumption and focus on mechanisms that always allocate the entire resource. We exhibit a truthful and envy-free mechanism for cake cutting and chore division for two agents with piecewise uniform valuations, and we complement our result by showing that such a mechanism does not exist when certain additional constraints are imposed on the mechanisms. Moreover, we provide bounds on the efficiency of mechanisms satisfying various properties, and give truthful mechanisms for multiple agents with restricted classes of valuations.

Spreading the blame: The allocation of responsibility amongst multiple agents

Cognition ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Gerstenberg ◽  
David A. Lagnado
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Agents
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