Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Kjeldgaard-Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
International Legal Personality

Chapter 9 reiterates and reflects on the overall conclusions of the previous chapters: (1) that positive international law has consistently supported Kelsen’s ‘a posteriori’ conception of international legal personality; (2) that, consequently, the international legal personality of any entity is solely a matter of (presumption-free) interpretation of international norms; and (3) that we must abandon both the widespread presumption against direct individual rights and obligations (in accordance with the ‘modified States-only’ conception of international legal personality) and the use of the orthodox ‘States-only’ conception of international legal personality as means to distinguish between international law and national law.

Evaluative Framework: Legal Personality under International Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Fortin
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
International Legal Personality

This chapter presents and explains the evaluative framework that the study employs when analysing armed groups and legal personality. In doing so, the chapter provides a short historical account of the manner in which international legal personality has been understood and theorized and explains how the evaluative framework will be utilized in the subsequent chapters.

The International Legal Personality of the Individual

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Kjeldgaard-Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Legal Personality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This book scrutinizes the relationship between the concept of international legal personality as a theoretical construct and the position of the individual as a matter of positive international law. By testing four main theoretical conceptions of international legal personality against historical and existing international legal norms that govern individuals, the book argues that the common narrative about the development of the role of the individual in international law is flawed. Contrary to conventional wisdom, international law did not apply to States alone until the Second World War, only to transform during the second half of the twentieth century to include individuals as its subjects. Rather, the answer to the question of individual rights and obligations under international law is—and always was—solely contingent upon the interpretation of international legal norms. It follows, of course, that the entities governed by a particular norm tell us nothing about the legal system to which that norm belongs. Instead, the distinction between international and national legal norms turns exclusively on the nature of their respective sources. Against the background of these insights, the book shows how present-day international lawyers continue to allow an idea, which was never more than a scholarly invention of the nineteenth century, to influence the interpretation and application of contemporary international law. This state of affairs has significant real-world ramifications as international legal rights and obligations of individuals (and other non-State entities) are frequently applied more restrictively than interpretation without presumptions regarding ‘personality’ would merit.

scholarly journals International Legal Subjectivity: Concept and Reality in the UN

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
MSc. Ornela Taci
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legal Subjectivity ◽  
Un Reform ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Open Debate ◽  
International Legal Personality

The article titled “International legal subjectivity: Concept and reality in the UN” the first, identifies debates on subjects of International Law briefly. The identification of debates serves to deal the creation of UNO (United Nations). Then, the article treates a brief historical overview on the functions of the UN since its creation until today to analyze international legal personality and its legal nature opposite functions that are dampened and transnational capabilities, the UN priority today. Also, it gives the reasons why the debate on UN reform should remain open.The aim of this study is to examine from the perspective of a qualitative methodology the characteristics of the legal status of the UN in space and in time to create a model based on Charter and on the real exercise of its functions but not according to denomination. The theories on international legal personality, the distribution of the United Nations and the consequences are not treated for this reason in this study. Also, historical and legal methods are used.The legal status of UNO is a tool to fulfil mission in approach of action of International Law, the challenge of the debate today. UNO was established in 1945 and acts are based on its Charter and international documents. The UN mission has changed today but the International Order is not in danger because the target of the UN is its renewal through reforms. The open debate on reform gives a contribution on evolution of International Law.

scholarly journals Multinational (Transnational) Companies as Subjects of Public International Law // Multinacionalne (transnacionalne) kompanije kao subjekti međunarodnog javnog prava

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Boris Krivokapić
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Legal Capacity ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
The One ◽  
International Legal Personality

The paper deals with international legal status of multinational (transnational) companies. The first part gives an overview of this entities and the specifics of their role in the modern world.In the second part, the author deals with the elements of international legal personality of multinational (transnational) companies. Such as international legal regulation of the position of these entities, their specific rights and obligations under international law, international responsibility, process subjectivity before certain international judicial bodies and the special relationship (partnership) with international organizations. It should be added that not only that international law acknowledges their existence, but also multinational companies themselves at least in part influence the development of that law.In the concluding remarks the author notes that multinational (transnational) companies do not have all the elements of a full international personality, the one that is inherent to states. However, even if not complete their personality is beyond doubt. Although between them, depending on the case, there are major differences, there is no dispute that, from the perspective of international law, at least some multinational companies have the legal capacity (the ability to be the holder of a larger or smaller circle of rights and obligations established by international law), legal capacity (the ability to conclude international agreements, create international custom, etc.), tort capacity (the ability to provide for the legal bears responsibility for violating the norms of international law), process capability (active and passive legitimacy before some international courts), etc. In all likelihood, along with the expected further strengthening of the economic, but also political and every other power and role of the companies themselves, their international personality will also become more and more developed, At one point this will require global (universal) agreement which would precisely define rights, but, in particular, the duties and responsibilities of these entities.

scholarly journals International Legal Personality of Prophet Muḥammad (pbuh)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-178
Author(s):  
Mohd. Hisham Mohd. Kamal
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Community ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Capacity To Act ◽  
City State ◽  
International Legal Personality ◽  
The City

An international legal person is a subject of international law who enjoys rights, duties or powers in international law and the capacity to act on the international plane. Under modern international law, States are international persons, whereas private individuals are not. This article discusses whether Prophet Muḥammad (pbuh) of the religion of Islam was an international legal person. Evidence shows that his correspondences with other States and nations were in his name “Muḥammad ibn ‘Abdullāh” or “Muḥammad the Messenger of Allah,” and not as the head of the City-State of Medina. Was he recognised as such by the international community at that time? This work finds that Prophet Muḥammad (pbuh) was accepted by the international community during his time as an international legal person. His personality was due to his unique position as a prophet.

‘What, Then, of the Land’?: Territoriality, International Law, and the Republic of New Afrika

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Sam Klug
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Society ◽  
National Development ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Postcolonial States ◽  
International Legal Personality

Abstract This article charts how African American appeals to international law shifted away from a politics of petition to a politics of sovereignty with the growing influence of postcolonial states in international society and the UN’s recognition of a right to self-determination. Whereas earlier efforts by African-descended peoples in the Americas to gain a hearing before international bodies often required pushing the boundaries of international legal personality to include entities other than states, in the late 1960s and early 1970s a black nationalist group called the Republic of New Afrika (RNA) pursued international subjectivity in its traditional and fullest form: as a sovereign state. Examining the writings of RNA leaders, especially Imari Obadele, this article explores how the group’s claims for territory, reparations, and international subjectivity relied on international legal discourse about plebiscites, self-determination, and national development.

International Organizations and the Creation of Customary International Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-233
Author(s):  
Kristina Daugirdas
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
International Legal System ◽  
The Creation ◽  
International Legal Personality

Abstract This article argues that international organizations ‘as such’ can contribute directly to the creation of customary international law for three independent reasons. First, the states establishing an international organization may subjectively intend for that organization to be able to contribute to the creation of at least some kinds of customary international law. Second, that capacity may be an implied power of the organization. Third, that capacity may be a byproduct of other features or authorities of the international organization – specifically, the combination of international legal personality and the capacity to operate on the international plane. Affirming international organizations’ direct role in making customary international law will not dramatically change the content of customary international law or the processes by which rules of customary international law are ascertained. But recognizing that role is significant because it will reinforce other conclusions about how international organizations fit into the international legal system, including that customary international law binds international organizations. Such recognition may also shift the way lawyers within international organizations carry out their work by affecting the sources they consult when answering legal questions, the materials they make publicly available and the kinds of expertise that are understood to be necessary to discharge their responsibilities. Finally, affirming international organizations’ role in creating customary international law may make international organizations more willing to comply with those rules.

Afps And Plo V. Alstom and Veolia (Versailles CT. APP.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1157-1184
Author(s):  
Noah Rubins ◽  
Gisèle Tephens-Chu
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Advisory Opinion ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
International Court ◽  
International Rights ◽  
The Icj ◽  
General Competence ◽  
International Legal Personality

International legal personality has often been viewed as synonymous with statehood. States are the primary subjects of international law, and only they have general competence on the international plane, including the competence to create the law. However, in the 1949 Reparation for Injuries advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) acknowledged that forms of international legal personality other than statehood could exist. In determining whether the United Nations (UN) was an international person, the ICJ considered the functions and rights which had been conferred on the organization pursuant to the UN Charter. Although these were found to be distinct from the rights and duties possessed by States, the ICJ concluded that these necessarily involved “a large measure of international personality and the capacity to operate on an international plane.” According to the Court, the hallmarks of international legal personality included the ability to possess international rights and duties and the capacity to maintain such rights by bringing international claims.

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