In Code(rs) We Trust

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Walch

This chapter addresses the myth of ‘decentralized governance’ of public blockchains, arguing that certain people who create, operate, or reshape them function much like fiduciaries of those who rely on these data structures. It compares the role of leading software developers and Frankel’s conception of a ‘fiduciary’ and finds much in common, as users place extreme trust in the developers to be both competent and loyal (i.e. to be free of conflicts of interest). The chapter frames the cost–benefit analysis necessary to evaluate whether it is wise to treat these parties as fiduciaries, and outlines key questions needed to flesh out the fiduciary categorization. For example, which software developers are influential enough to resemble fiduciaries? Are all users of a blockchain ‘entrustors’ of the fiduciaries who operate the blockchain, or only a subset of those who rely on the blockchain? The chapter concludes by considering the broader implications of treating software developers as fiduciaries, given the existing accountability paradigm that largely shields them from liability for the code they create.

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.


2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Alberto Zuppa ◽  
Valentina Cardiello ◽  
Riccardo Riccardi ◽  
Maria Cavani

Gli autori riportano i più recenti dati di letteratura scientifica relativi alle più frequenti complicanze neonatali dell’induzione della gravidanza soprattutto con le recenti tecniche di riproduzione assistita IVF e ICSI. Gli autori si soffermano sulla aumentata incidenza di malformazioni congenite nei neonati da tecniche di fecondazione assistita, in particolare nei neonati da gravidanza indotta con ICSI. Inoltre gli autori si soffermano sulla eziopatogenesi di tale aumentata incidenza di malformazioni congenite, collegata verosimilmente sia alla tecnica in sé, in special modo alla ICSI più invasiva della IVF, che alle cause della sterilità di coppia.Vengono poi considerate altre problematiche neonatali collegate alle tecniche di riproduzione assistita, in particolare alle ICSI, come l’aumento delle anomalie genetiche e cromosomiche, come le delezioni del cromosoma Y, spesso ereditate dal padre affetto da oligo-azoospermia e l’aumentata incidenza di sindromi da interferenza con l’imprinting genomico. Infine gli autori si soffermano su alcune problematiche di bioetica, come l’importanza degli interventi di tipo preventivo e di tipo terapeutico non sostitutivi dell’atto coniugale per risolvere molte cause dell’infertilità di coppia, la problematica relativa agli embrioni in esubero come conseguenza delle ART, il rapporto costi/benefici applicato alle ART che pende pesantemente dalla parte dei costi altissimi per la salute della madre e del nascituro e sul ruolo del medico che aiuta e non stravolge con metodi sostitutivi l’atto coniugale finalizzato al processo procreativo. ---------- The authors refer to the recent scientific literature concerning the most frequent neonatal complications of the induced pregnancy especially after the recent techniques of assisted reproduction IVF and ICSI. The authors are interested in the increased incidence of congenital malformations in infants born from assisted reproductive technology, especially in infants born after the ICSI technique. Furthermore, the authors are very interested in the etiology of this increased incidence of congenital malformations, probably connected both to the technique in itself, especially for the more invasive ICSI, that couple’s infertility. Then the authors consider other neonatal problem related to the ICSI technique: the increase of genetic and chromosomal abnormalities, as chromosome Y deletion, often inherited from the father suffering from oligo-azoospermia and the increased incidence of genomic imprinting’ syndromes. Finally the authors are concerned about some issues in bioethics, such as the importance of preventive interventions and the types of therapy that cannot replace the conjugal act to resolve a lot of causes of infertility; the problem of the surplus embryos, the cost/benefit analysis applied to ART hanging heavily on the side of a very high cost to the health of mother and unborn child and the role of the doctor who helps and could not distort with alternative methods, the conjugal act designed for the procreation.


1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Newsome ◽  
C. D. Stephen

Many countries are investing in measures to improve surface water quality, but the investment programmes for so doing are increasingly becoming subject to cost-benefit analysis. Whilst the cost of control measures can usually be determined for individual improvement schemes, there are currently no established procedures for valuing the benefits attributable to improved surface water quality. The paper describes a methodology that has been derived that now makes this possible.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1297
Author(s):  
Juntae Kim ◽  
Hyo-Dong Han ◽  
Wang Yeol Lee ◽  
Collins Wakholi ◽  
Jayoung Lee ◽  
...  

Currently, the pork industry is incorporating in-line automation with the aim of increasing the slaughtered pork carcass throughput while monitoring quality and safety. In Korea, 21 parameters (such as back-fat thickness and carcass weight) are used for quality grading of pork carcasses. Recently, the VCS2000 system—an automatic meat yield grading machine system—was introduced to enhance grading efficiency and therefore increase pork carcass production. The VCS2000 system is able to predict pork carcass yield based on image analysis. This study also conducted an economic analysis of the system using a cost—benefit analysis. The subsection items of the cost-benefit analysis considered were net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and benefit/cost ratio (BC ratio), and each method was verified through sensitivity analysis. For our analysis, the benefits were grouped into three categories: the benefits of reducing labor costs, the benefits of improving meat yield production, and the benefits of reducing pig feed consumption through optimization. The cost-benefit analysis of the system resulted in an NPV of approximately 615.6 million Korean won, an IRR of 13.52%, and a B/C ratio of 1.65.


2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Duncanson V

T his article describes a small study aimed at making a purchasing recommendation to the purchasing manager, providing a cost-benefit analysis of the most commonly used brands of non-sterile latex examination gloves. One of the nine makes of glove tested remained consistent with the agreed criteria for assessment and, if introduced as the only option available, would result in a saving of $15,150 per annum on Site A of a recently merged secondary care Trust. Also, the importance of the consultancy role of the clinical nurse specialist in improving practice was demonstrated.


2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2479-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Charles Hourcade ◽  
Philippe Ambrosi ◽  
Patrice Dumas

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