Subjective Reasons and Truth

Reasons First ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198868224.003.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 77-100

Author(s):

Mark Schroeder

Keyword(s):

Simple Model ◽

Motivating Reasons ◽

Special Case

Chapter 4 takes up the question of why epistemologists have been reluctant to endorse answers to what evidence supports basic perceptual beliefs that allow such evidence to be false, and argues that the best philosophical motivation for this commitment is closely related to the problem of unjustified belief. The idea that subjective reasons are just a special case of objective reasons is resisted, as are arguments drawing on felicity data about reports of subjective or motivating reasons. An alternative argument drawing on the idea that perceptual experiences can in themselves be instances of knowledge is addressed, and Williamson’s claim that knowledge is the most general factive stative attitude is refuted. Finally, a simple model for thinking about how subjective reasons could factor into the competition over what it is rational to believe without building in a prior truth or rationality constraint is introduced, drawing on work by John Horty.

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Simplified group activity selection with group size constraints

International Journal of Game Theory ◽

10.1007/s00182-021-00789-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andreas Darmann ◽

Janosch Döcker ◽

Britta Dorn ◽

Sebastian Schneckenburger

Keyword(s):

Computational Complexity ◽

Simple Model ◽

Lower Bounds ◽

Group Activity ◽

Core Stability ◽

Upper And Lower Bounds ◽

Size Constraints ◽

Broad Variety ◽

Special Case ◽

Additional Constraints

AbstractSeveral real-world situations can be represented in terms of agents that have preferences over activities in which they may participate. Often, the agents can take part in at most one activity (for instance, since these take place simultaneously), and there are additional constraints on the number of agents that can participate in an activity. In such a setting, we consider the task of assigning agents to activities in a reasonable way. We introduce the simplified group activity selection problem providing a general yet simple model for a broad variety of settings, and start investigating its special case where upper and lower bounds of the groups have to be taken into account. We apply different solution concepts such as envy-freeness and core stability to our setting and provide a computational complexity study for the problem of finding such solutions.

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The Goals of Moral Worth

Oxford Studies in Metaethics Volume 16 ◽

10.1093/oso/9780192897466.003.0007 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 157-182

Author(s):

Nathan Robert Howard

Keyword(s):

Moral Worth ◽

Normative Reasons ◽

Moral Reasons ◽

Motivating Reasons ◽

Special Case ◽

Orthodox View

While it is tempting to suppose that an act has moral worth just when and because it is motivated by sufficient moral reasons, philosophers have, largely, come to doubt this analysis. Doubt is rooted in two claims. The first is that some facts can motivate a given act in multiple ways, not all of which are consistent with moral worth. The second is the orthodox view that normative reasons are facts. I defend the tempting analysis by proposing and defending a heterodox account of both normative and motivating reasons that is inspired by Donald Davidson’s primary reasons. We should adopt the heterodox view, the chapter argues, because it addresses an overlooked but fatal defect in the orthodox conception of reasons, of which challenges to the tempting analysis are a special case.

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On the Jet Curtain Over Water

Journal of Ship Research ◽

10.5957/jsr.1982.26.2.77 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 26 (02) ◽

pp. 77-88

Author(s):

D. S. Tselnik

Keyword(s):

Simple Model ◽

Water Surface ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Flow Mechanism ◽

Air Jet ◽

Air Cushion ◽

Special Case ◽

Weightless Fluid ◽

Jet Curtain

The problem of two planar or two-dimensional jets of nonviscous, incompressible, weightless fluid flowing from two nozzles installed symmetrically with respect to a vertical axis onto the surface of an immobile heavy liquid is considered. The flow pattern represents a simple model of a jet curtain of an air-cushion vehicle. The complete theoretical solution to the problem is found—in a thin-jet approximation and under the assumption that the height of the nozzles with respect to the undisturbed surface of the liquid is fixed. The special case of a single nozzle is also considered. Some experimental observations of an air jet flowing from an individual slotted nozzle onto a water surface are presented, and an explanation of the flow mechanism is proposed for the vertical nozzle. In essence, the corresponding process of flow has to be random.

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Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18001620 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniel Crimston ◽

Matthew J. Hornsey

Keyword(s):

General Theory ◽

Biological Markers ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Relevant Dimension ◽

Special Case

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.

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Determination of the phase structure of polymerblends by electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109604 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 492-493

Author(s):

Dr. G. Kaemof

Keyword(s):

Screw Extruder ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Single Screw Extruder ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

The Matrix ◽

Twin Screw ◽

Special Case ◽

Microscopic Investigations

A mixture of polycarbonate (PC) and styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer (SAN) represents a very good example for the efficiency of electron microscopic investigations concerning the determination of optimum production procedures for high grade product properties.The following parameters have been varied:components of charge (PC : SAN 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30), kind of compounding machine (single screw extruder, twin screw extruder, discontinuous kneader), mass-temperature (lowest and highest possible temperature).The transmission electron microscopic investigations (TEM) were carried out on ultra thin sections, the PC-phase of which was selectively etched by triethylamine.The phase transition (matrix to disperse phase) does not occur - as might be expected - at a PC to SAN ratio of 50 : 50, but at a ratio of 65 : 35. Our results show that the matrix is preferably formed by the components with the lower melting viscosity (in this special case SAN), even at concentrations of less than 50 %.

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Test Validation Without Measurement

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000253 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 204-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emilie Lacot ◽

Mohammad H. Afzali ◽

Stéphane Vautier

Keyword(s):

Test Data ◽

Test Scores ◽

Scientific Explanation ◽

Test Validation ◽

Clinical Tests ◽

Ethical Perspective ◽

Power Of Test ◽

Memory Accuracy ◽

Social Uses ◽

Special Case

Abstract. Test validation based on usual statistical analyses is paradoxical, as, from a falsificationist perspective, they do not test that test data are ordinal measurements, and, from the ethical perspective, they do not justify the use of test scores. This paper (i) proposes some basic definitions, where measurement is a special case of scientific explanation; starting from the examples of memory accuracy and suicidality as scored by two widely used clinical tests/questionnaires. Moreover, it shows (ii) how to elicit the logic of the observable test events underlying the test scores, and (iii) how the measurability of the target theoretical quantities – memory accuracy and suicidality – can and should be tested at the respondent scale as opposed to the scale of aggregates of respondents. (iv) Criterion-related validity is revisited to stress that invoking the explanative power of test data should draw attention on counterexamples instead of statistical summarization. (v) Finally, it is argued that the justification of the use of test scores in specific settings should be part of the test validation task, because, as tests specialists, psychologists are responsible for proposing their tests for social uses.

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