Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dagger
Keyword(s):  
Political Obligation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Play Theory ◽  
Justification Of Punishment ◽  
Sustained Effort

This book aims to develop a unified theory of political obligation and the justification of punishment that takes its bearings from the principle of fair play. Much has been written on each of these subjects, of course, including numerous essays in recent years that approach one or the other topic in fair-play terms. However, there has been no sustained effort to link the two in a fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment. This book undertakes such an effort. This introduction explains why such a theory is an attractive possibility and how the argument for it unfolds in the succeeding chapters.

Punishing Fairly

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dagger
Keyword(s):  
Voting Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Play Theory

Philosophers tend to think of the problem of punishment as being the problem of demonstrating that it is or can be justified. Settling the question of whether punishment is justified as a practice, however, does not answer the practical questions of when and how punishment is justified in particular cases, nor does it tell us whether some other response to lawbreaking is preferable or complementary to punishment. There are, in fact, a variety of problems associated with punishment, and I attend to four of them in this chapter in order to demonstrate the reach and power of fair-play theory. Two of them—the problems of excessive incarceration and of voting rights for felons—are much-discussed matters in recent years. The other two—the problems of assessing punishment for recidivists and of what role restitution should play in the sentencing of offenders—are also matters of both practical and philosophical interest.

Fair Play and Its Rivals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dagger
Keyword(s):  
Political Obligation ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Play Theory ◽  
Political Obligations

Proponents of the fair-play theory of political obligation face challenges not only from those who reject or discount the possibility of political obligations, such as philosophical anarchists, but also from the advocates of competing theories of political obligation. This chapter supports the case for fair-play theory by demonstrating its superiority to its three principal rivals among such theories. Those three rival theories are grounded in either consent, association, or natural duty. All three have their attractions, but they are also vulnerable to serious objections. Their attractions, moreover, often derive from an implicit reliance on considerations of fair play.

Authority, Deference, and Fair Play

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dagger
Keyword(s):  
Political Authority ◽  
Political Obligation ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
Play Theory ◽  
Standard Account ◽  
General Obligation ◽  
Service Conception ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

This chapter defends the fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment by addressing two further challenges. According to the first challenge, recent revisions to the standard conception of political and legal authority lead to the conclusion that there is no general obligation to obey the law. On this standard account, to have political or legal authority is to have a right to rule, and those subject to authority have an obligation to obey the directives of those who have the right to rule. If this account is faulty, then the connection between political authority and political obligation is neither as straightforward nor as strong as the standard account assumes. According to the second challenge, the problem is not with authority but with what citizens owe to their polities. That is, citizens do have duties with regard to the law, but the weaker duties of respect or deference rather than an obligation to obey. This chapter responds to the first challenge by demonstrating the superiority of the standard account to the so-called service conception of authority and to the second by showing how appeals to respect or deference rely on a belief in political obligation.

Justifying Punishment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dagger
Keyword(s):  
Political Obligation ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Play Theory ◽  
Legal Punishment ◽  
Theories Of Punishment ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Communicative Theories

Chapter 5 is the first of the three chapters of Playing Fair that make the case for fair play as the basis for a compelling justification of legal punishment. As it was with the discussion of political obligation, so it is necessary to begin this part of the book by clarifying key terms and confronting fundamental challenges to the enterprise of justifying punishment itself. The chapter thus begins with the questions of what is punishment and what are its proper aims. The latter question is usually answered by reference to retributivism and/or deterrence, and I try to place fair-play theory in this context by linking it to communicative theories of punishment while distinguishing it from Jean Hampton’s expressive version of retributivism. The chapter concludes with responses to those who would, for various reasons, abolish punishment altogether.

Political Obligation, Punishment, and the Polity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dagger
Keyword(s):  
Political Obligation ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Play Theory ◽  
Legal Punishment ◽  
Practical Guidance ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter completes the argument for the fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment by taking up two final tasks. The first is to explain how the two aspects of this theory—that is, the one concerned with political obligation and the one that justifies legal punishment—stand in relation to each other. The claim is that this relationship is interlocking and mutually reinforcing. The second task is to fill out and sharpen the conception of the polity as a cooperative meta-practice that is central to the fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment. In doing so, I hope to show how the fair-play account provides practical guidance even in conditions that fall short of the ideal of a polity so conceived.

Political Obligation as Fair Play

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dagger
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Obligation ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Play Theory ◽  
Robert Nozick ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Integral Feature

One aim of this chapter is to fill out the account of the fair-play theory of obligation sketched in previous chapters. In particular, I show how respect for the rule of law is an integral feature of fair-play theory. In most of the chapter, however, the elaboration proceeds by defending the theory against six important objections critics have lodged against it. One objection, raised memorably by Robert Nozick, would have us reject the principle of fair play altogether. The others allow that the principle is valuable and unobjectionable when confined to its proper sphere, but they insist that political obligation exceeds the boundaries of that sphere. In addition to defending the fair-play account against these objections, I also argue against those who believe that fair play is a necessary but insufficient element in a theory of political obligation that must be pluralistic if it is to be successful.

Political Obligation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Renzo
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Obligation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
The Law ◽  
Associative Obligations ◽  
Traditional Understanding ◽  
Active Citizen

Political obligation refers to the idea that there is a duty to obey the law as well as to support one’s state in a number of other ways—for example, by promoting its interests, by defending it when attacked, by voting, and, more generally, by being an active citizen. These duties can be very demanding and seriously interfere with one’s capacity to autonomously choose how to lead one’s life. As such, their existence deserves close scrutiny. The main attempts to justify the existence of political obligation appeal to the ideas of consent, fair play, gratitude, natural duties of justice, and associative obligations. Each of these theories is shown to struggle either with underinclusiveness or with overinclusiveness. It is normally thought that all and only the citizens of a given state have a duty to obey its laws and support its political institutions, but none of the classic theories seem to be able to justify a duty of this kind. In light of this, two responses are available: one is to give up the idea that there is political obligation, thereby becoming a “philosophical anarchist”; the other is to revise the traditional understanding of political obligation.

scholarly journals Advancing System Performance with Redundancy: From Biological to Artificial Designs

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anh Tuan Nguyen ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Diu Khue Luu ◽  
Qi Zhao ◽  
Zhi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Fundamental Characteristic ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Similar Operation

Redundancy is a fundamental characteristic of many biological processes such as those in the genetic, visual, muscular, and nervous systems, yet its driven mechanism has not been fully comprehended. Until recently, the only understanding of redundancy is as a mean to attain fault tolerance, which is reflected in the design of many man-made systems. On the contrary, our previous work on redundant sensing (RS) has demonstrated an example where redundancy can be engineered solely for enhancing accuracy and precision. The design was inspired by the binocular structure of human vision, which we believe may share a similar operation. In this letter, we present a unified theory describing how such utilization of redundancy is feasible through two complementary mechanisms: representational redundancy (RPR) and entangled redundancy (ETR). We also point out two additional examples where our new understanding of redundancy can be applied to justify a system's superior performance. One is the human musculoskeletal system (HMS), a biological instance, and the other is the deep residual neural network (ResNet), an artificial counterpart. We envision that our theory would provide a framework for the future development of bio-inspired redundant artificial systems, as well as assist studies of the fundamental mechanisms governing various biological processes.

scholarly journals Playing Fair and Following the Rules

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Tosi
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Political Obligation ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Cooperative Scheme ◽  
The One

In his paper “Fairness, Political Obligation, and the Justificatory Gap” (published in the Journal of Moral Philosophy), Jiafeng Zhu argues that the principle of fair play cannot require submission to the rules of a cooperative scheme, and that when such submission is required, the requirement is grounded in consent. I propose a better argument for the claim that fair play requires submission to the rules than the one Zhu considers. I also argue that Zhu’s attribution of consent to people commonly thought to be bound to follow the rules by a duty of fair play is implausible.

Bifurcation and stability analysis for 3SPS+1PS parallel hip joint manipulator based on unified theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (24) ◽  
pp. 4603-4616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songtao Wang ◽  
Gang Cheng ◽  
Jianhua Yang ◽  
Xihui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Hip Joint ◽  
Parallel Manipulators ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Mechanical Theory ◽  
Stiffness Model ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Bifurcation And Stability ◽  
Theory Framework

For a parallel hip joint manipulator, the unified kinematics and stiffness model are established based on a novel unified theory, and then the bifurcation and stability are analyzed under the same unified theory framework. In bifurcation analysis, a chaos method is first applied to solve the non-linear bifurcation equations in order to get the full configuration of the parallel hip joint manipulator, which improves the convergence rate and accuracy. Based on the full-configuration solution, the single-parameter and double-parameter simulation for the bifurcation and stability of the parallel hip joint manipulator is performed. The bifurcation simulation results show that the configuration only changes along the corresponding path but cannot change to other paths when the configuration of the parallel hip joint manipulator is at a certain path. The stability simulation results show that when the parallel hip joint manipulator enters into an uncontrolled domain of a bifurcation posture along different paths, the posture component which changes dramatically will lose control first, and the other posture components will move along the changed configuration. In this paper, the kinematics, stiffness, bifurcation and stability of the parallel hip joint manipulator are solved under the same theory framework, which improves the solving efficiency and enriches the mechanical theory for the parallel manipulators.

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