The Funk Synthesis of (-)-Nakadomarin A

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Taber
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Terminal Alkyne ◽  
Alkyne Metathesis ◽  
Ring Closing Metathesis ◽  
Direct Construction ◽  
Nakadomarin A ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Practical Limit ◽  
Convergent Assembly ◽  
Convergent Design

The Z alkene of nakadomarin A 3 suggested to Raymond L. Funk an approach (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4912) based on ring-closing alkyne metathesis. The efficient assembly of 3 he reported illustrates the power of convergent design in target-directed synthesis. A practical limit on applications of alkyne metathesis is the requirement for internal alkynes, necessitating methyl capping of a terminal alkyne. In an alternative approach, Professor Funk took advantage of the long-known ( J. Chem. Soc. 1954 , 3201) equilibration of a terminal alkyne 4 to the internal alkyne 5. Homologation of 5 with the phosphonate 6, followed by condensation with the ketone 7, then delivered the furan 8. The assembly of the other half of 1 began with the commercial alcohol derived by reduction of D -pyroglutamic acid. Protection gave 9, which on hydride addition and dehydration was converted to 10. One-carbon homologation with the Vilsmeier-Haack reagent proceeded with the expected regiocontrol. This set the stage for the triply convergent assembly of 14 , first reductive amination of the aldehyde 11 with 12 , then acylation of the resulting secondary amine with 13. The nucleophilic 14 was condensed with the aldehyde 8 to give an enone (not illustrated). Exposure of the enone to InCl 3 initiated an elegant cascade cyclization, first of the enamide in a conjugate sense to the enone, then Friedel-Crafts addition of the resulting N-stabilized carbocation to the furan, to deliver 15. The pendant silyloxymethyl group exerted the hoped-for diastereocontrol, allowing the direct construction of the central tetracycle of 3. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation completed the assembly of the diyne 1. Initially, it was found that exposure of 1 to a molybdenum catalyst delivered 2 in only modest yield. As an alternative, they employed the technically more challenging tungsten-based Schrock catalyst. Later, they found that the recently developed Fürstner Mo protocol also worked well. The amide 2 could readily be carried on to the triene 18. With the first-generation Grubbs catalyst G1, kinetic ring-closing metathesis of 18, to complete the assembly of (-)-nakadomarin 3, could be effected without jeopardizing the existing Z alkene.

The Evans Synthesis of (–)-Nakadomarin A

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Allyl Alcohol ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Heck Coupling ◽  
Ring Closing Metathesis ◽  
Selective Activation ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Ru Catalyst ◽  
Nakadomarin A

(–)-Nakadomarin A (4), isolated from the marine sponge Amphimedon sp. off the coast of Okinawa, shows interesting cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. David A. Evans of Harvard University prepared (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 9338) 4 by coupling the enantiomerically pure lactam 2 with the prochiral lactam 1. The preparation of 1 began with the aldehyde 5. Following the Comins protocol, addition of lithio morpholine to the carbonyl gave an intermediate that could be metalated and iodinated. Protection of the aldehyde followed by Heck coupling with allyl alcohol gave the aldehyde 7. Addition of the phosphorane derived from 8 followed by deprotection gave 9 with the expected Z selectivity. Addition of the phosphonate 10 was also Z selective, leading to the lactam 1. The preparation of 2 began with the enantiomerically pure imine 12. The addition of 13 was highly diastereoselective, setting the absolute configuration of 15. Alkylation with the iodide 16 delivered 17, which was closed to 2 under conditions of kinetic ring-closing metathesis, using the Grubbs first generation Ru catalyst. The condensation of 1 with 2 gave both of the diastereomeric products, with a 9:1 preference for the desired 3. Experimentally, acid catalysis alone did not effect cyclization, suggesting that the cyclization is proceeding via silylated intermediates. The diastereoselectivity can be rationalized by a preferred extended transition state for the intramolecular Michael addition. Selective activation of 3 followed by reduction gave 18, which underwent Bischler-Napieralski cyclization to give an intermediate that could be reduced to (–)-nakadomarin A (4). It was later found that exposure of 3 to Tf2O and 19 followed by the addition of Redal gave direct conversion to 4. It is instructive to compare this work to the two previous syntheses of 4 that we have highlighted, by Dixon (OHL May 3, 2010) and by Funk (OHL July 4, 2011). Together, these three independent approaches to 4 showcase the variety and dexterity of current organic synthesis.

One-Pot Tandem Ring-Opening and Ring-Closing Metathesis Polymerization of Disubstituted Cyclopentenes Featuring a Terminal Alkyne Functionality

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 4330-4337
Author(s):  
Santhosh Kumar Podiyanachari ◽  
Salvador Moncho ◽  
Edward N. Brothers ◽  
Saeed Al-Meer ◽  
Mohammed Al-Hashimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Terminal Alkyne ◽  
Ring Closing Metathesis ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Metathesis Polymerization

Total synthesis of (−)-nakadomarin A: alkyne ring-closing metathesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (46) ◽  
pp. 6094-6097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Jakubec ◽  
Andrew F. Kyle ◽  
Jonás Calleja ◽  
Darren J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Ring Closing Metathesis ◽  
Nakadomarin A

Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis: Phaseolinic Acid (Selvakumar), Methyl 7-Dihydro-trioxacarcinoside B (Koert), Arglabin (Reiser) and Amphidinolide V (Fürstner)

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass Taber
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Secondary Alcohol ◽  
Allylic Alcohol ◽  
Alkyne Metathesis ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Ring Closing Metathesis ◽  
Relative Configuration ◽  
Stereogenic Centers ◽  
Ru Complexes

As N. Selvakumar of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Ltd., Hyderabad approached (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 2021) the synthesis of phaseolinic acid 6, there was some concern about the projected cyclization of 2 to 3, as this would involve the coupling of two electron-deficient alkenes. In fact, the Ru-mediated ring-closing metathesis proceeded efficiently. The product unsaturated lactone 3 could be reduced selectively to either the trans product 4 or the cis product 5. There has been relatively little work on the synthesis of the higher branched sugars, such as the octalose 13, a component of several natural products. The synthesis of 13 (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 4777) by Ulrich Koert of the Philipps-University Marburg also began with a Baylis-Hillman product, the easily-resolved secondary alcohol 8. As had been observed in other contexts, cyclization of the protected allylic alcohol 9a failed, but cyclization of the free alcohol 9b proceeded smoothly. V-directed epoxidation then set the relative configuration of the stereogenic centers on the ring. Ring-closing metathesis to construct tetrasubstituted alkenes has been a challenge, and specially-designed Ru complexes have been put forward specifically for this transformation. Oliver Reiser of the Universität Regensburg was pleased to observe (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6361) that the second-generation Grubbs catalyst itself worked well for the cyclization of 17 to 18. Again in this synthesis, catalytic V was used to direct the relative configuration of the epoxide. Intramolecular alkyne metathesis is now well-established as a robust and useful method for organic synthesis. It was also known that Ru-mediated metathesis of an alkyne with ethylene could lead to the diene. The question facing (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2007, 46, 5545) Alois Fürstner of the Max-Planck-Institut, Mülheim was whether these transformations could be carried out on the very delicate epoxy alkene 21. In fact, the transformations of 21 to 22 and of 22 to 23 proceeded well, setting the stage for the total synthesis of Amphidinolide V 25.

Advances in Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass Taber
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Alkyne Metathesis ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Ring Closing Metathesis ◽  
Enol Ethers ◽  
Cross Metathesis ◽  
Simple Filtration ◽  
The University ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

As alkene metathesis is extended to more and more challenging substrates, improved catalysts and solvents are required. Robert H. Grubbs of Caltech developed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 441) the diisopropyl complex 1, that efficiently formed the trisubstituted alkene 6 by cross metathesis of 4 with 5. Hervé Clavier and Stephen P. Nolan of ICIQ, Tarragona, and Marc Mauduit of ENSC Rennes found (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4225) that after cyclization of 7 with the complex 2b, simple filtration of the reaction mixture through silica gel delivered the product 8 containing only 5.5 ppm Ru. The merit of CH2Cl2 as a solvent for alkene metathesis is that the catalysts (e.g. 1 - 3) are very stable. Claire S. Adjiman of Imperial College and Paul C. Taylor of the University of Warwick established (Chem. Commun. 2008, 2806) that although the second generation Grubbs catalyst 3 is not as stable in acetic acid, for the cyclization of 9 to 10 it is a much more active catalyst in acetic acid than in CH2Cl2 . Bruce H. Lipshutz of the University of California, Santa Barbara observed (Adv. Synth. Cat . 2008, 350, 953) that even water could serve as the reaction solvent for the challenging cyclization of 11 to 12, so long as the solubility- enhancing amphiphile PTS was included. Ernesto G. Mata of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario explored (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2024) resin isolation to optimize cross-metathesis, finding that the acrylate 13 worked particularly well. Karol Grela of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw optimized (Chem. Commun. 2008, 2468) cross-metathesis with a halogenated alkene 16. Jean-Marc Campagne of ENSC Montpellier extended (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1562) ring-closing metathesis to enynes such as 19. The product diene 20 was a reactive Diels-Alder dienophile. István E. Markó of the Université Catholique de Louvain applied (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 1523) the known (OHL 20070122) ring-closing metathesis of enol ethers to the cyclization of the Tebbe product from 23. The ether 24 was oxidized directly to the lactone 25.

The Fürstner Synthesis of Amphidinolide F

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass F. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Amino Alcohol ◽  
Aldol Condensation ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unsaturated Ester ◽  
Alkyne Metathesis ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Ring Closing Metathesis ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Metathesis Catalyst

The amphidinolides, having zero, one, or (as exemplified by amphidinolide F 3) two tetrahydrofuran rings, have shown interesting antineoplastic activity. It is a tribute to his development of robust Mo catalysts for alkyne metathesis that Alois Fürstner of the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Mülheim could with confidence design (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 9534) a route to 3 that relied on the ring-closing metathesis of 1 to 2 very late in the synthesis. Three components were prepared for the assembly of 1. Julia had already reported (J. Organomet. Chem. 1989, 379, 201) the preparation of the E bromodiene 5 from the sulfone 4. The alcohol 7 was available by the opening of the enantiomerically-pure epoxide 6 with propynyl lithium, followed by oxidation following the Pagenkopf pro­tocol. Amino alcohol-directed addition of the organozinc derived from 5 to the alde­hyde from oxidation of 7 completed the assembly of 8. Addition of the enantiomer 10 of the Marshall butynyl reagent to 9 followed by protection, oxidation to 11, and addition of, conveniently, the other Marshall enan­tiomer 12 led to the protected diol 13. Silylcupration–methylation of the free alkyne set the stage for selective desilylation and methylation of the other alkyne. Iodination then completed the trisubstituted alkene of 14. Methylation of the crystalline lactone 15, readily prepared from D-glutamic acid, led to a mixture of diastereomers. Deprotonation of that product followed by an aque­ous quench delivered 16. Reduction followed by reaction with the phosphorane 17 gave the unsaturated ester, that cyclized with TBAF to the crystalline 18. The last ste­reogenic center of 22 was established by proline-mediated aldol condensation of the aldehyde 19 with the ketone 20. To assemble the three fragments, the ketone of 21 was converted to the enol triflate and thence to the alkenyl stannane. Saponification gave the free acid 22, that was acti­vated, then esterified with the alcohol 18. Coupling of the stannane with the iodide 14 followed by removal of the TES group led to the desired diyne 1. It is noteworthy that the Mo metathesis catalyst is stable enough to tolerate the free alcohol of 1 in the cyclization to 2.

New Approach to the Synthesis of Macrocyclic Tetralactones via Ring-Closing Metathesis Using Grubbs' First-Generation Catalyst

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1495-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sengodagounder Muthusamy ◽  
Boopathy Gnanaprakasam ◽  
Eringathodi Suresh
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Ring Closing Metathesis ◽  
New Approach

scholarly journals Terminal Alkyne Metathesis: A Further Step Towards Selectivity

2006 ◽  
Vol 348 (15) ◽  
pp. 2038-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Coutelier ◽  
André Mortreux
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Alkyne ◽  
Alkyne Metathesis

scholarly journals Second Generation Drosophila Chemical Tags: Sensitivity, Versatility and Speed

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Sutcliffe ◽  
Julian Ng ◽  
Thomas O. Auer ◽  
Mathias Pasche ◽  
Richard Benton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Chemical Labeling ◽  
Translational Enhancers ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Speed Advantage ◽  
Chemical Tags ◽  
Dna Recombinase

Labeling and visualizing cells and sub-cellular structures within thick tissues, whole organs and even intact animals is key to studying biological processes. This is particularly true for studies of neural circuits where neurons form sub-micron synapses but have arbors that may span millimeters in length. Traditionally labeling is achieved by immunofluorescence; however diffusion of antibody molecules (>100 kDa) is slow and often results in uneven labeling with very poor penetration into the centre of thick specimens; these limitations can be partially addressed by extending staining protocols to over a week (Drosophila brain) and months (mice). Recently we developed an alternative approach using genetically encoded chemical tags CLIP, SNAP, Halo and TMP for tissue labeling; this resulted in >100 fold increase in labeling speed in both mice and Drosophila, at the expense of a considerable drop in absolute sensitivity when compared to optimized immunofluorescence staining. We now present a second generation of UAS and LexA responsive CLIP, SNAPf and Halo chemical labeling reagents for flies. These multimerized tags with translational enhancers display up to 64 fold increase in sensitivity over first generation reagents. In addition we developed a suite of conditional reporters (4xSNAPf tag and CLIP-SNAP-Halo) that are activated by the DNA recombinase Bxb1. Our new reporters can be used with weak and strong GAL4 and LexA drivers and enable stochastic, intersectional and multicolor Brainbow labeling. These improvements in sensitivity and experimental versatility, while still retaining the substantial speed advantage that is a signature of chemical labeling, should significantly increase the scope of this technology.

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