Perspectives on the Situation

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-96
Author(s):  
Harry T. Reis ◽  
John G. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews major theoretical positions on the influence of situations for the understanding of both personality and social–psychological processes. We review the history and current status of this topic, and we describe in some detail two recent theories that seem particularly amenable toward resolving the disparate approaches that this distinction often engenders. Broadly considered, our position is that personality and situations must be considered interacting factors, but in a theoretically specific way. The concept of affordance—that situations provide opportunities for the expression of certain personality traits—is central to our analysis. We also discuss several issues that personality and social psychologists might profitably consider to provide better grounding for theories and research about the impact of situations on behavior.

scholarly journals Pay Satisfaction of Software Professionals in India

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanika T Bhal ◽  
Namrata Gulati
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Development ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Intent To Leave ◽  
Intention To Leave ◽  
Pay Satisfaction ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Software Professionals ◽  
The Impact

This study explores pay satisfaction-related issues of software professionals in India, specifically assessing the impact of different dimensions of pay satisfaction on intent to leave. Since satisfaction with pay is an emotional/affective reaction and is likely to be influenced by personal and environmental factors, the study explores some social psychological processes like leader-member exchange, justice, and voice that are likely to impact pay satisfaction of these professionals. Using a sample of 306 software professionals drawn from various organizations, the study tests the various hypotheses. Three broad trends emerge from the data: First, process dimensions of pay satisfaction are better predictors of the professionals' intention to leave the organization. Second, distributive justice predicts both the amount and process dimensions of pay satisfaction whereas procedural justice predicts only the process dimensions. Finally, the hypothesis that LMX leads to voice which leads to procedural justice which in turn leads to satisfaction with the process dimensions of pay satisfaction found support from the data and the strength of relationships was stronger for structure and administration dimension as compared to raises dimension of pay satisfaction. The findings suggest that though pay levels are important, the HR Department needs to make additional efforts towards the processes through which pay and raises are determined as these processes might provide the crucial advantage for retaining software professionals in an environment where salary levels are competitive. Additionally, since both the pay-related processes and procedural justice are important, these processes need to be both effective and fair. Though fairness in appraisal and pay- related processes can be built through various HR systems like participation (voice), the results show that these processes will be effective only if they are implemented well by the immediate leader. The results have implications for leadership development and training on appraisal and pay-related processes. Unless the leaders are trained appropriately and made aware of the social psychological processes that go on in a team, the design of systems by the HR Department may not be effective. Since distributive justice is an important predictor of pay satisfaction, comparison with relevant others plays an important role in pay satisfaction. The HR Departments in these organizations needs to identify pay levels that compete in the market. Indians are shown to have a familial identity and value the opinions of their kith and kin; hence, acknowledging and incorporating the inputs of social comparison person (family and friend) might provide more useful insights into how these professionals perceive distributive justice.

Perspectives on the Situation

2012 ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Harry T. Reis ◽  
John G. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews major theoretical positions on the influence of situations and personality in social psychology. We review the history and current status of this debate and we describe in some detail two recent theories that seem particularly amenable toward resolving it. Broadly considered, our position is that personality and situations must be considered interacting factors, but in a theoretically specific way. The concept of affordance—that situations provide opportunities for the expression of certain personality traits—is central to our analysis. We also discuss several issues that social psychologists might profitably consider to provide better grounding for theories and research about the impact of situations on behavior.

Interculturalism and the Acceptance of Minority Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maykel Verkuyten ◽  
Kumar Yogeeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Situational Effect

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.

Does Enhancing Mind Perception Affect Conspiracy Belief?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Noguera
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Social Discourse ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Mind Perception ◽  
Mixed Anova ◽  
Interaction Term ◽  
The Mind

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a novel mind perception manipulation. Mind perception is currently theorized to be an essential aspect of a number of human social psychological processes. Thus, a successful manipulation would allow for the causal study of those processes. This manipulation was created in an attempt to explore the downstream impact of mind perception on the endorsement of conspiracy theories. Conspiracy theories are steadily becoming more and more prominent in social discourse. Endorsement of conspiracy theories are beginning to show real world ramifications such as a danger to human health (e.g., in the anti-vaccination movement). A sample of college students (valid N = 53) from a large rural institution in the southeastern United States participated for course credit. These participants completed a mind perception pretest, were randomly assigned to either the manipulation in question (in which participants are asked to consider the ‘mind’ of several targets and write their thoughts about them) or the control condition, and then they completed a posttest. The mixed ANOVA revealed that the interaction term between Time and Condition was not significant. Because the manipulation did not work, other analyses were aborted, in accord with the pre-registration. My Discussion focuses on the procedures and potential shortcomings of this manipulation, in an effort to lay the groundwork for a successful one.

Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies in Pregnant Women and the Relevance of Pharmacometric Tools

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Dallmann ◽  
Paola Mian ◽  
Johannes Van den Anker ◽  
Karel Allegaert
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Clinical Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Pbpk Models ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Population Pk ◽  
The Impact

Background: In clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, pregnant women are significantly underrepresented because of ethical and legal reasons which lead to a paucity of information on potential PK changes in this population. As a consequence, pharmacometric tools became instrumental to explore and quantify the impact of PK changes during pregnancy. Methods: We explore and discuss the typical characteristics of population PK and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with a specific focus on pregnancy and postpartum. Results: Population PK models enable the analysis of dense, sparse or unbalanced data to explore covariates in order to (partly) explain inter-individual variability (including pregnancy) and to individualize dosing. For population PK models, we subsequently used an illustrative approach with ketorolac data to highlight the relevance of enantiomer specific modeling for racemic drugs during pregnancy, while data on antibiotic prophylaxis (cefazolin) during surgery illustrate the specific characteristics of the fetal compartments in the presence of timeconcentration profiles. For PBPK models, an overview on the current status of reports and papers during pregnancy is followed by a PBPK cefuroxime model to illustrate the added benefit of PBPK in evaluating dosing regimens in pregnant women. Conclusions: Pharmacometric tools became very instrumental to improve perinatal pharmacology. However, to reach their full potential, multidisciplinary collaboration and structured efforts are needed to generate more information from already available datasets, to share data and models, and to stimulate cross talk between clinicians and pharmacometricians to generate specific observations (pathophysiology during pregnancy, breastfeeding) needed to further develop the field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document