Synthesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 421-428
Author(s):  
Lauren Brookman-Frazee ◽  
Amy Drahota ◽  
Colby Chlebowski ◽  
Yael Koenig ◽  
Katherine Nguyen Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Course Assessment ◽  
Academic Partnerships ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

Recent research and clinical attention devoted to co-occurring psychiatric conditions within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has led to significant advances in the understanding of and ability to assess and treat co-occurring problems effectively. This chapter summarizes those advances while also highlighting the substantial gaps that remain in the understanding of co-occurring problems in people with ASD. The chapter provides recommendations for future research directions in the areas of etiology, developmental course, assessment, and treatment. It also offers suggestions for improving the representativeness of research participants and strengthening community–academic partnerships in this important field of study.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Related Disruptive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-158
Author(s):  
Connor M. Kerns ◽  
Chandler Puhy ◽  
Chelsea M. Day ◽  
Steven J. Berkowitz
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant Disorder ◽  
Challenging Behaviors ◽  
Disruptive Behaviors ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Defiant Behavior

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition characterizes oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as reflecting pervasive patterns of irritable mood, defiant behavior, and/or vindictiveness. Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit high rates of disruptive behaviors commonly associated with ODD, such as noncompliance, irritability, temper tantrums, and mood dysregulation. This chapter reviews the presentation of ODD in individuals with ASD, including current prevalence estimates, proposed etiology, validated assessment methods, and emerging best practices designed to treat challenging behaviors. Although there is a robust literature describing assessment and treatment procedures for disruptive behaviors in individuals with ASD, conceptualizing these hallmark behaviors within the framework of ODD is relatively novel and not without controversy. Discussion thus includes challenges around the applicability of the diagnostic criteria in this population and future research directions that may provide clarity on this issue.

Assessment and Treatment of Selective Mutism in a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 153465012098345
Author(s):  
Mirela Cengher ◽  
Joy C. Clayborne ◽  
Adrianna E. Crouch ◽  
Julia T. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Selective Mutism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

Over 60% of children diagnosed with selective mutism are also diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Previous research established that behavioral interventions are effective at increasing speech in children with both diagnoses. However, few studies conducted assessments to determine environmental variables that inhibit speech, and such assessments are necessary for the development of effective and efficient treatments. This case study describes an assessment that evaluated the function(s) of selective mutism. The results confirmed that the participant did not talk to avoid social interaction and that mutism occurred primarily in the presence of multiple, unfamiliar people. Our first treatment focused on increasing tolerance for social interaction, demonstrated by an increase in speech production in the presence of unfamiliar people. Our second treatment focused on increasing qualitative aspects of the participant’s speech (i.e., both responses and initiations). Finally, we taught the participant’s parents to implement the treatment in naturalistic settings, and the participant demonstrated generalization of treatment effects across people and settings. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

Treating Vocal Stereotypy With Environmental Enrichment and Response Cost

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 440-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Watkins ◽  
Lisa Paananen ◽  
Eric Rudrud ◽  
John T. Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Response Cost ◽  
Vocal Stereotypy ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

The authors describe the assessment and treatment of vocal stereotypy in two children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Both the case studies evaluated the effectiveness of response cost (RC). The RC interventions quickly reduced and eventually eliminated the vocal stereotypy in one participant and reduced it to near-zero levels in the second. Postintervention probes for one participant confirmed the continued reduction of vocal stereotypy 1 month after treatment and its elimination 8 months after treatment. Directions for future research are also discussed.

Perinatal Depression

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer N. Felder ◽  
Abigail Lindemann ◽  
Sona Dimidjian
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Perinatal Depression ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Assessment Strategies

Depression is a common problem among pregnant andpostpartum women, with rates comparable to or greater than those among women of childbearing age who are not pregnant or postpartum. Perinatal depression is associated with a wide range of unique assessment and treatment complexities, risk factors, and consequences for women and offspring. In this chapter, we review current research on the prevalence of perinatal depression, etiology, risk factors, and consequences, and we discuss assessment strategies and interventions. Limitations to current research and future research directions are noted. We conclude with guidelines for practitioners for assessing and treating depression during the perinatal period.

scholarly journals Should we expect bilingualism to confer cognitive benefits in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Davis ◽  
Lewis Montgomery ◽  
Hugh Rabagliati ◽  
Antonella Sorace ◽  
Sue Fletcher-Watson
Keyword(s):  
Research Priorities ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the ways in which bilingualism influences social and cognitive development and identifies intersections between corresponding aspects of autism, to inform future research directions. Three key domains are identified: social cognition; executive functions; and social-cultural factors. In each case we describe the evidence for the impact of bilingualism in typical development and map this onto what is known about the domain in autism. We examine the methodological quality of the existing literature to make recommendations for future approaches. Results suggest a dearth of high-quality research and lack of consensus. Research priorities include the need for innovative designs to explore potential impacts of bilingualism in order to increase the validity of the evidence base for caregivers and professionals.

The State of Virtual and Augmented Reality Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinan Turnacioglu ◽  
Joseph P McCleery ◽  
Julia Parish-Morris ◽  
Vibha Sazawal ◽  
Rita Solorzano
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Reality Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition affecting a growing number of individuals across the lifespan. It is characterized by observable impairments in social communication, as well as repetitive behaviors and restricted patterns of interests. Early, intensive behavioral interventions improve long-term outcomes in ASD, but are often expensive and hard to administer consistently. This chapter describes a new approach to autism intervention, using highly motivating virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies that could soon support traditional autism therapies across ages and ability levels. The chapter begins by reviewing the ASD phenotype, followed by a review of the current landscape of research on VR and AR in ASD. A discussion of ASD-specific benefits and risks is followed by a presentation of new, harnessed immersive VR technology from Floreo, Inc. Finally, we propose a series of future research directions.

Assistive Technologies for Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Leila Goosen
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Adolescents With Autism ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
General Perspective

The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers with an overview of the latest research on assistive technologies, especially as related to children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). While introducing and describing the general perspective of the chapter as specifically focusing on objectives in terms of children and adolescents with ASDs, background that summarizes the content of this chapter as also consisting of significant results with regard to young and older adults as well as references to other connected conditions will be included. Issues, problems, and challenges in this regard are presented, together with possible solutions and recommendations, future research directions, and concluding remarks.

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions: A Conceptual Framework

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
John Elder Robison
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

There is strong evidence to suggest that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at heightened risk for developing co-occurring psychiatric conditions. However, the reasons behind this increased risk remain unclear. This chapter describes multiple conceptual models of the reasons for comorbidity and appraises the strength for each in relation to currently available evidence. The first section considers the evidence to suggest the reported increase in prevalence can be explained by purely artefactual factors (e.g., issues in sample acquisition or symptom measurement) and concludes this is unlikely as a complete explanation. The second section discusses more theoretical models, and how these could manifest in autistic individuals (e.g., increased prevalence or potency of established risk factors, and the role of ASD-specific risk factors). There is evidence to support multiple mechanisms playing a role in explaining the increased prevalence of psychiatric conditions, and these mechanisms are unlikely to be mutually exclusive. As the current literature is limited, priority areas for future research are suggested, including the need for accurate measurement of predictors and outcomes, more sensitive research designs, and the inclusion of underrepresented groups.

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