Thinning Increases Loblolly Pine Vigor and Resistance to Bark Beetles¹

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Brown² ◽  
T. E. Nebeker ◽  
C. R. Honea
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

Abstract Twenty-seven 1-ac plots were thinned to a basal area of 70, 100, or 130 ft²/ac, and 9 plots were left unthinned to be used as a control. Changes in diameter growth, height growth, and oleoresin exudation pressure (OEP) are presented for the first 3 years following thinning. Height growth was lower in the thinned plots, but diameter growth in plots thinned to 70 and 100 ft²/ac was significantly greater than the unthinned plots and those thinned to 130 ft²/ac. OEP was also greater in thinned plots in the first two years; the difference was not significant in the third year. Introductions of southern pine beetles into the plots resulted in a significantly lower proportion of successful attacks in thinned plots in the first two years following thinning. It was concluded that increased tree vigor along with the increase in tree spacing following thinning does reduce susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack when stands are thinned to a basal area of 100ft²/ac or less. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):28-31

High-resolution analysis of stem increment and sap flow for loblolly pine trees attacked by southern pine beetle

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2387-2393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan D Wullschleger ◽  
Samuel B McLaughlin ◽  
Matthew P Ayres
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles ◽  
Stem Increment

Manual and automated dendrometers, and thermal dissipation probes were used to measure stem increment and sap flow for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees attacked by southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) in east Tennessee, USA. Seasonal-long measurements with manual dendrometers indicated linear increases in stem circumference from April through June. Changes in stem circumference slowed after this time, and further increases were either modest or not observed. These effects coincided with a massive midsummer infestation of trees with southern pine beetles. High-resolution measurements with automated dendrometers confirmed that, while early-season increases in radial increment were positive, daily rates of radial increment for slow- and fast-growing trees were largely negative in early to late July. Sap velocity also declined despite favorable weather conditions, but these reductions were not observed until mid-August. Thus, effects on radial increment and stem circumference preceded those on sap velocity by several weeks. The timing of these events, combined with the known developmental rate of southern pine beetles, suggest that disruption of whole-tree water balance is not a prerequisite for the success of attacking beetles or for oviposition by colonizing females and larval development, all of which were completed by early August. Additional field experiments that use high-resolution techniques to measure stem increment and sap flow are needed to more rigorously characterize temporal changes in host physiology during initial invasion and colonization of trees by southern pine beetle.

scholarly journals Evaluation of General-Use Insecticides for Preventing Host Colonization by New Jersey Southern Pine Beetles

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.L. Strom ◽  
W.K. Oldland ◽  
J.R. Meeker ◽  
J. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Engraver ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

Four general-use insecticides (AstroR, OnyxR, DominionR Tree & Shrub, and Xytect 2FR) were evaluated for their effectiveness at preventing attacks by the southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis) and the small southern pine engraver (Ips avulsus) using a previously developed small-bolt method. Evaluations were conducted between 58 and 126 days post treatment. Southern pine beetles from New Jersey and Mississippi, U.S., were evaluated using a mixture of field and laboratory small-bolt trials; beetle origin did not appear to affect results. Astro and Onyx bole sprays were effective at reducing or eliminating attack by SPB, while the imidacloprid soil drench products (Dominion and Xytect) were ineffective. With I. avulsus in Louisiana, U.S., Astro was effective at reducing bole utilization at 58 and 83 days posttreatment but failed at 126 days. Onyx, Dominion, and Xytect were ineffective against I. avulsus in these tests. Imidacloprid phloem residues averaged 0.74 (μg/g phloem dry weight) for Dominion and 1.31 for Xytect, values that are similar to other studies but low for purposes of control. These results support previous findings that systemic imidacloprid is ineffective for protecting pines against Dendroctonus bark beetles and that bole sprays with bifenthrin or permethrin can be effective. However, permethrin was the only active ingredient that was effective against I. avulsus in the current study.

scholarly journals Retention Time in Three Nursery Container Volumes Impacts Root Architecture

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Engraver ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

Four general-use insecticides (Astro®, Onyx®, Dominion® Tree & Shrub, and Xytect 2F®) were evaluated for their effectiveness at preventing attacks by the southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis) and the small southern pine engraver (Ips avulsus) using a previously developed small-bolt method. Evaluations were conducted between 58 and 126 days post treatment. Southern pine beetles from New Jersey and Mississippi, U.S., were evaluated using a mixture of field and laboratory small-bolt trials; beetle origin did not appear to affect results. Astro and Onyx bole sprays were effective at reducing or eliminating attack by SPB, while the imidacloprid soil drench products (Dominion and Xytect) were ineffective. With I. avulsus in Louisiana, U.S., Astro was effective at reducing bole utilization at 58 and 83 days posttreatment but failed at 126 days. Onyx, Dominion, and Xytect were ineffective against I. avulsus in these tests. Imidacloprid phloem residues averaged 0.74 (μg/g phloem dry weight) for Dominion and 1.31 for Xytect, values that are similar to other studies but low for purposes of control. These results support previous findings that systemic imidacloprid is ineffective for protecting pines against Dendroctonus bark beetles and that bole sprays with bifenthrin or permethrin can be effective. However, permethrin was the only active ingredient that was effective against I. avulsus in the current study.

THREE METHODS OF SAMPLING MITES PHORETIC ON BARK BEETLES: A COMPARISON

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-494
Author(s):  
D.N. Kinn
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Emergence Traps ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

AbstractWhen a few large trees are to be sampled, emergence traps provide more reliable counts of mites that are phoretic on southern pine beetles than either removal of bolts or removal of 100 cm2 bark discs. When a large sample from smaller trees is required, removal of bolts is preferable to removal of disc samples. Emergence traps or bolt samples are preferable to disc samples because: (1) fewer mites are lost during transportation and rearing; (2) mites are not left on the xylem; (3) fewer die from desiccation during rearing; and (4) fewer non-phoretic stages accumulate in the collecting medium.

Temporal Relationship Between Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Pinewood Nematode Infestations in Southern Pines

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Kinn ◽  
M. J. Linit
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

The incidence of feeding scars of the cerambycid vectors of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickel) on twigs of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pines in central Louisiana was determined. Feeding scars on twigs taken from pines felled at random were compared to those on twigs taken from pines adjacent to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) infestations. Additionally, the presence of pinewood nematode in trees attacked by southern pine beetle was followed through the course of beetle development. Significantly more cerambycid feeding scars were present on twigs of trees located near the advancing edge of a southern pine beetle infestation than on twigs not adjacent or near any known southern pine beetle infestation. From 82 to 100% of the trees sampled adjacent to bark beetle infestations had been fed upon by cerambycids. Pinewood nematodes were recovered from 79% of these trees. The incidence of nematodes in the boles of trees attacked by southern pine beetles increased as immature beetles entered their later instars. The highest incidence of nematodes was from trees recently vacated by southern pine beetles. Trees killed by the southern pine beetle may thus serve as reservoirs for the pinewood nematode and its cerambycid vectors and lead to the infestation of adjacent trees and facilitate subsequent SPB colonization.

EFFECTS OF MYCANGIAL FUNGI ON GALLERY CONSTRUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLUESTAIN IN SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE-INFESTED PINE BOLTS

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Robert Bridges ◽  
Thelma J. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles ◽  
Ceratocystis Minor

Southern pine beetles, Dentroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, treated to remove their mycangial fungi, were infected with Ceratocystis minor (Hedgcock) Hunt spores and placed in freshly-cut pine bolts. Galleries constructed by beetles without mycangial fungi were significantly shorter and contained significantly more bluestain than galleries constructed by beetles with mycangial fungi. It was concluded that southern pine beetle mycangial fungi limit the distribution of bluestain in southern pine beetle-infested trees. Inhibition of the spread of the bluestain fungus by mycangial fungi may be necessary for optimal beetle development.

Examination of Midgut Proteinases of the Adult Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Coppedge ◽  
J. M. Jones ◽  
G. W. Felton ◽  
F. M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

The midgut of adult southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), contains digestive enzymes with optimal proteolytic activity in vitro near pH 7. General proteinase activity was significantly inhibited by serine and cysteine proteinase class inhibitors, while limited activation by cysteine proteinase class activators was apparent. These results indicate that both cysteine and serine proteinases are present in the adult midgut. The presence of both proteinase classes in adult southern pine beetles coincides with previous studies showing widespread occurrence of these two classes of proteinases as digestive enzymes in midguts of other coleopteran species, but represents one of few beetle species known to possess both proteinase classes simultaneously.

scholarly journals Modeling Early Responses of Loblolly Pine Growth to Thinning in the Western Gulf Coastal Plain Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-633
Author(s):  
Y H Weng ◽  
J Grogan ◽  
D W Coble
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Abstract Growth response to thinning has long been a research topic of interest in forest science. This study presents the first 3–4 years of response of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) growth to thinning at different intensities. Data were collected from the East Texas Pine Research Project’s region-wide loblolly pine thinning study, which covers a wide variety of stand conditions. Four treatments, light, moderate, and heavy thinning, respectively having 370, 555, and 740 residual trees per hectare after thinning, and an unthinned control, were included. Individual tree diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height were recorded annually for the first 3–4 years after thinning. Results indicate significant differences between treatments in dbh growth in each year after thinning, as well as for all years combined. Each thinning treatment had significantly greater dbh growth than the control in the first growing season with this positive response being more evident in the case of the heavier thinning or at the later years post-thinning. Conversely, the thinning effect on tree height growth was initially negligibly negative, then becoming positive after 2–4 years, with the heavier thinning becoming positive sooner. Tree size class, assigned based on prethinning dbh, had a significant effect on both dbh and height growth responses. Compared to the control, small trees had a greater response both in dbh and in height growth than the medium and large trees over the measurement period. At the stand level, the heavier thinning had significantly less stand basal area per hectare, but the difference in stand basal area per hectare between the thinned and the unthinned plots decreased with years post-thinning. Results from this study can improve our understanding in thinning effects and help forest managers make accurate decisions on silvicultural regimes.

PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF THE CLERID BEETLE THANASIMUS DUBIUS (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) ON THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Frazier ◽  
T. E. Nebeker ◽  
R. F. Mizell ◽  
W. H. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Handling Time ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Thanasimus Dubius ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

AbstractThe behavior of adults of clerid beetle Thanasimus dubius (F.) preying upon adult southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, in an arena in the laboratory is described by classifying the acts according to their consequences. A sequence of five stereotyped acts is performed by the predator: either searching or ambush, seizure of prey, alignment of prey, consumption of prey, and grooming. Handling time by the predator consists of the sums of the durations of the four acts of seizure through grooming, which was not significantly different for male and female predators, but was significantly longer for male prey (13.81 min) than for female prey (10.49 min). Consumption of prey (8–9 min) is the major component of handling time. Predators searched or waited in ambush an average of 5.8 mm before seizing a prey, and captured prey with an efficiency of 72%. Blinding predators had no significant effect on their efficiency at capturing prey. Maxillary and labial palpectomy alone or in combination significantly reduced efficiency of capture, and reduced numbers of prey consumed.

SURVEYING MITES (ACARINA) PHORETIC ON THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH STICKY TRAPS

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 809-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Moser
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

AbstractSticky traps caught large numbers of mites that adhere tightly or ride in protected places on attacking southern pine beetles and retrieved some of the mites that are loosely attached. Of the 2539 beetles surveyed, only 39.6% carried mites. Seven species of phoretic mites were found; the two most common, Tarsonemus krantzi and Trichouropoda australis, showed no preference for either beetle sex but preferred to ride on specific parts of the body.

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