Directed Foliar Sprays of Forestry Herbicides for Loblolly Pine Release

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Water Oak ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Six herbicides were compared as directed foliar sprays applied in May, July, and September on seven hardwood species and on loblolly pine. Equal-cost mixtures that met or exceeded minimum labeled rates were tested for Weedone 2,4- DP, Gadon 4, Garlon 3A, Arsenal Applicator Concentrate, Roundup, Escort, and Roundup + Escort. Test hardwoods were sweetgum, southern red oak, water oak, red maple, pignut hickory, dogwood, and yellow poplar. Crown volume reduction and rootstock reduction after one growing season were the main indicators of efficacy. Using directed sprays, yellow poplar was the easiest species to control, and pignut hickory was the most difficult. Control of sweetgum was most effective with Weedone, Arsenal, and Roundup. For control of oaks, the most effective applications were in July with Arsenal, Garlon 4 and 3A, and Roundup; but these and other hardwood species tended to refoliate 2 years after Arsenal treatment. Herbicide safety to loblolly pine was best with Arsenal and Escort, while injury was greatest with Roundup and Garlon 3A, which might have potential use in precommercial thinnings. South. J. Appl. For 14(4):199-206.

Streamline Basal Application of Herbicide for Small-Stem Hardwood Control

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Herbicide Mixture ◽  
Carpinus Caroliniana ◽  
Average Control ◽  
Water Oak

Abstract The effectiveness of low-volume basal application of herbicide—"streamline" application—was evaluated on 25 hardwood species and loblolly pine. Test mixtures were step-wise rates of Garlon 4 mixed in diesel fuel with a penetrant added. Most comparisons tested 10%, 20%, and 30% mixtures of Garlon 4, while tests with saplings and small trees used 20%, 30%, and 40%. Target stems ranged from 2 ft tall to 6 in. dbh. Applications were made in February, using pressure-regulated handguns equipped with straight stream nozzles attached to backpack sprayers. Two bands of the herbicide mixture were applied to two sides of all stems. After 18 months, susceptible hardwood species with greater than 80% average control at all three Garlon rates were water oak (Quercus nigra), am. hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), boxelder (Acer negundo), huckleberry (Vaccinium elliottii), sumacs (Rhus spp.), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), and mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Tolerant species with less than 40% control were sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), titi (Cliftonia monophylia), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) (>1 in. groundline diameter). Treatment of loblolly pines resulted in an average of 22% mortality. Smaller stems were more readily killed than larger stems for all species. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):161-165.

Spray Date Effects on Behavior of Herbicides on Brush

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homer A. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Quercus Nigra ◽  
Water Oak

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium ion (paraquat), and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4,5-T) were applied as foliar sprays to 4-year-old sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), water oak (Quercus nigra L.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). For the three hardwood species the amount of herbicide absorbed and translocated, as measured 4 days after application, was correlated closely with tops killed 1 year later. Applications in May were more effective than those made later in the growing season. Loblolly pine was defoliated by all herbicides but recovered the second season after spraying.

scholarly journals Interference interactions in experimental pine–hardwood stands

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2032-2043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd S. Fredericksen ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker ◽  
David W. Smith ◽  
John R. Seiler ◽  
Richard E. Kreh
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Hardwood Species

A replacement series field experiment was established in 1989 in the Piedmont physiographic province of Virginia with loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.) to quantify the effects of interference and elucidate its mechanisms. Stands were planted with and without herbaceous vegetation. After three growing seasons, interference among pine, hardwood species, and herbaceous vegetation significantly affected growth and yield. While herbaceous vegetation significantly affected all stands, it reduced the yield of hardwood species more than of loblolly pine. Loblolly pine appeared to ameliorate the effect of herbaceous vegetation on hardwoods in some stands. Based on relative yield totals, interference relationships between pine and hardwood species were neutral in all replacement series except for the loblolly pine–black locust series with herbaceous vegetation, where a mutualistic relationship was evident on poorer sites of the study. Pine appeared to compete effectively with hardwoods through efficient use of soil moisture and nitrogen, although pines had lower root/shoot ratios. Pine also had the greatest amount of leaf area of all species. Black locust reduced light availability to pine in some stands, but may have provided some nutritional benefits. Black locust and red maple appeared to increase allocation to roots in herbaceous vegetation, especially in pure stands. Root/shoot ratio, water-use efficiency, and leaf area were the measured variables most closely correlated with tree yield.

Lower Bole Diameter and Volume of Four Appalachian Hardwoods

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry V. Wiant ◽  
Thomas B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Appalachian Hardwoods

Abstract Coefficients are provided for estimating dbh from stump measurements and estimating diameter and volume from groundline to dbh for northern red oak, white oak, red maple, and yellow-poplar. North. J. Appl. For. 4:212, December 1987.

Chromated Copper Arsenate Preservative Treatment of North American Hardwoods. Part 1. CCA Fixation Performance

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Stevanovic Janezic ◽  
P.A. Cooper ◽  
Y.T. Ung
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
North American ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Chromated Copper Arsenate ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Copper Arsenate

Summary We have examined chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservative fixation at two selected temperatures in seven common North American hardwood species: red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The softwood red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) was included for comparison. CCA component fixation was monitored by the expressate method at both 21°C and 50°C under non-drying conditions. Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) and total Cr, Cu and As contents of the expressate were determined at different times during fixation. Based on CCA fixation results it was possible to divide the examined hardwoods into a fast fixing group (beech, red oak and red maple), intermediate group (white birch and red pine) and slow fixing group (aspen, yellow poplar and basswood). The variable fixation rates for the different species could not be directly related to different anatomical and chemical attributes of the studied hardwoods, although there was an apparent relationship with density with more dense species fixing faster than low density species. However, the species differences appeared to be mainly influenced by types and amounts of extractives in the woods. In red maple, extraction resulted in a slowing of the fixation rate, while the opposite effect was seen in red oak.

Profile Equations for Several Hardwood Species to Variable Top Diameter Limits

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Matney ◽  
Robert C. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Post Oak

Abstract A compatible set of stem profile equations for predicting upper stem diameters, outside and inside bark, to a variable top diameter were developed for white oak, red oak, post oak, chestnut oak, hickory, and yellow-poplar. Observations were taken from felled trees on Willamette Industries, Inc. lands in the western highland rim of central Tennessee. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):75-78.

scholarly journals Effects of burn season on large seedlings of oak and other hardwood regeneration three years after shelterwood harvest

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ying Xin ◽  
Roger A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Species ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Canopy Volume

Abstract The effects of fall and spring prescribed fires on large seedlings (0.3 to 1.3 m height) of oak and other hardwood species three years after a shelterwood harvest were examined in Richland Furnace and Zaleski State Forests in southern Ohio. Fall and spring burns appeared to be more deleterious to red oaks (Quercus rubra L., Q. velutina Lam., Q. coccinea Muenchh.) than white oaks (Q. alba L., Q. prinus L.). Red oak experienced reductions in numbers and canopy volume after spring burns, and canopy reductions after fall burns. White oak experienced small increases in numbers of stems after both fall and spring burns, and an increase in the canopy volume after fall burns, but a slight decrease after spring burns. Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), a major oak competitor prior to fire, experienced dramatic reductions in the number of regenerating stems and canopy volume after both fall and spring burns. On the other hand, red maple (Acer rubrum L.) experienced large increases in the number of regenerating stems and canopy volume after both fall and spring burns. Based on importance value, the oak species remained relatively unchanged after both fall and spring burns. Yellow-poplar became the least dominant species after spring burns and the second to last dominant species after fall burns.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Tree Grade Projections for Five Appalachian Hardwood Species

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Miller ◽  
Aaron T. Graves ◽  
Kurt W. Gottschalk ◽  
John E. Baumgras
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Epicormic Branches

Abstract The potential value increase of individual trees is an important factor in planning effective forest management strategies. Similar to other investments, trees with high potential value increase are retained and allowed to grow, and those with relatively low potential value increaseare harvested so that the proceeds may earn a higher rate of return elsewhere. Tree grade is used to assess the quality and value of wood within a tree; thus, projecting tree grade is an integral part of estimating potential value increase. This study measured the accuracy of projected treegrades over a period of 12–15 years for 588 black cherry, 404 northern red oak, 167 red maple, 191 white and chestnut oaks, and 450 yellow-poplar sawtimber trees in both thinned and unthinned stands. Projected grade was based on surface defects and percent volume deductions for sweep,crook, and rot at the time of the projection with the assumption that the threshold dbh for the highest possible grade would be reached in the future. This approach allows the forest manager to make grade projections based on what is visible and measurable on the tree, even if the tree iscurrently too small to qualify for higher grades. In general, grade projections were somewhat accurate, with 9% of trees higher than the projected grade, 80% projected correctly, and 11% lower than the projected grade. Trees that had a lower-than-projected grade usuallyexhibited additional deductions for percent cull volume and/or new epicormic branches. Grade projections were less accurate for larger, higher-quality trees because requirements for the top grade are more constraining and sensitive to changes in butt log characteristics than lower grades.For black cherry and northern red oak, grade projections in thinned stands were less accurate compared with unthinned stands because of resulting logging wounds or new epicormic branches.

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