The Phenomena and Criteria Determining the Cracking Susceptibility of Repair Padding Welds of the Inconel 713C Nickel Alloy

The creep-resistant casting nickel alloys (e.g., Inconel 713C) belong to the group of difficult-to-weld materials that are using for precise element production; e.g., aircraft engines. In precision castings composed of these alloys, some surface defects can be observed, especially in the form of surface discontinuities. These defects disqualify the castings for use. In this paper, the results of technological tests of remelting and surfacing by the Tungsten Inert Gas method (TIG) in an argon shield and TecLine 8910 gas mixture are presented for stationary parts of aircraft engines cast from Inconel 713C alloy. Based on the results of metallographic studies, it was found that the main problem during remelting and pad welding of Inconel 713C castings was the appearance of hot microcracks. This type of defect was initiated in the partial melting zone, and propagated to the heat affected zone (HAZ) subsequently. The transvarestraint test was performed to determine the hot-cracking criteria. The results of these tests indicated that under the conditions of variable deformation during the remelting and pad welding process, the high-temperature brittleness range (HTBR) was equal 246 °C, and it was between 1053 °C and 1299 °C. In this range, the Inconel 713C was prone to hot cracking. The maximum deformation for which the material was resistant to hot cracking was equal to 0.3%. The critical strain speed (CSS) of 1.71 1/s, and the critical strain rate for temperature drop (CST), which in this case was 0.0055 1/°C, should be used as a criteria for assessing the tendency for hot cracking of the Inconel 713C alloy in the HTBR. The developed technological guidelines and hot-cracking criteria can be used to repair Inconel 713C precision castings or modify their surfaces using welding processes.

A Review on Precision Polishing Technology of Single-Crystal SiC

Single-crystal SiC is a typical third-generation semiconductor power-device material because of its excellent electronic and thermal properties. An ultrasmooth surface with atomic surface roughness that is scratch free and subsurface damage (SSD) free is indispensable before its application. As the last process to reduce the surface roughness and remove surface defects, precision polishing of single-crystal SiC is essential. In this paper, precision polishing technologies for 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC, which are the most commonly used polytypes of single-crystal SiC, such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), photocatalytic chemical mechanical polishing (PCMP), plasma-assisted polishing (PAP), electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECMP), and catalyst-referred etching (CARE), were reviewed and compared with emphasis on the experimental setup, polishing mechanism, material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness. An atomically smooth surface without SSD can be obtained by CMP, PCMP, PAP, and CARE for single-crystal SiC. However, their MRRs are meager, and the waste treatment after CMP is difficult and expensive. Moreover, PAP’s operation is poor due to the complex polishing system, plasma generation, and irradiation devices. A high MRR can be achieved by ECMP. In addition, it is an environmentally friendly precision polishing process for single-crystal SiC since the neutral salt solution is generally used as the electrolyte in ECMP. However, the formation of the egglike protrusions at the oxide/SiC interface during anodic oxidation would lead to a bigger surface roughness after ECMP than that after PAP is processed. The HF solution used in CARE was toxic, and Pt was particularly expensive. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted single-crystal SiC polishing and electrolyte plasma polishing (EPP) were discussed; furthermore, the research direction of further improving the surface quality and MRR of single-crystal SiC was prospected.

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on the 3D Surface Roughness of Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Products

Material extrusion (ME), one of the most widely used additive manufacturing technique, has the advantages of freedom of design, wide range of raw materials, strong ability to manufacture complex products, etc. However, ME products have obvious surface defects due to the layer-by-layer manufacturing characteristics. To reveal the generation mechanism, the three-dimensional surface roughness (3DSR) of ME products was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Based on the forming process of bonding neck, the 3DSR theoretical model in two different directions (vertical and parallel to the fiber direction) was established respectively. The preparation of ME samples was then completed and a series of experimental tests were performed to determine their surface roughness with the laser microscope. Through the comparison between theoretical and experimental results, the proposed model was validated. In addition, sensitivity analysis is implemented onto the proposed model, investigating how layer thickness, extrusion temperature, and extrusion width influence the samples’ surface roughness. This study provides theoretical basis and technical insight into improving the surface quality of ME products.

Detection Of Surface Defects And Subsurface Defects Of Polished Optics With Multisensor Image Fusion

Surface defects (SDs) and subsurface defects (SSDs) are the key factors decreasing the laser damage threshold of optics. Due to the spatially stacked structure, accurately detecting and distinguishing them has become a major challenge. Herein a detection method for SDs and SSDs with multisensor image fusion is proposed. The optics is illuminated by a laser under dark field condition, and the defects are excited to generate scattering and fluorescence lights, which are received by two image sensors in a wide-field microscope. With the modified algorithms of image registration and feature-level fusion, different types of defects are identified and extracted from the scattering and fluorescence images. Experiments show that two imaging modes can be realized simultaneously by multisensor image fusion, and HF etching verifies that SDs and SSDs of polished optics can be accurately distinguished. This method provides a more targeted reference for the evaluation and control of the defects of optics, and exhibits potential in the application of material surface research.

Study on the surface quality of 60vol% SiCp/Al2024 composites with large-grained

In this paper, the finite element cutting simulation model with irregular distribution of multiple particles is established, the stress and strain distribution of SiC particles in the process of machining, as well as the material removal mechanism are analyzed. The effects of cutting velocity and feed per tooth on the surface quality of the material are also analyzed. The effect of feed per tooth on subsurface damage is revealed. The results show that in the micro-milling of SiCp/Al2024 composites, the particle removal form is mainly crushing and extraction. The surface defects of the workpiece mainly include pits, scratches, cracks, and extrusion damage. When the cutting velocity increases, the surface defects gradually change to crack, which can improve the surface quality of the workpiece. Increasing the feed per tooth will increase the surface defects of the workpiece and lead to poor surface quality. When the feed per tooth increased from 0.428 µm to 0.714 µm, the subsurface damage thickness increased from 35.2 µm to 47.3 µm.

Three-Dimensional Synthesis of Manufacturing Tolerances Based on Analysis Using the Ascending Approach

The present paper develops a new approach for manufacturing tolerances synthesis to allow the distribution of these tolerances over the different phases concerned in machining processes using relationships written in the tolerance analysis phase that have been well developed in our previous works. The novelty of the proposed approach is that the treatment of non-conventional surfaces does not pose a particular problem, since the toleranced surface is discretized. Thus, it is possible to study the feasibility of a single critical requirement as an example. During the present approach, we only look for variables that influence the requirements and the others are noted F (Free). These variables can be perfectly identified on the machine, which can be applied for known and unknown machining fixtures; this can be the base for proposing a normalized ISO specification used in the different machining phases of a mechanical part. The synthesis of machining tolerances takes place in three steps: (1) Analysis of the relationship’s terms, which include the influence of three main defects; the deviation on the machined surface, defects in the machining set-up, and the influence of positioning dispersions; then (2) optimization of machining tolerance through a precise evaluation of these effects; and finally (3) the optimization of the precision of the workpiece fixture, which will give the dimensioning of the machining assembly for the tooling and will allow the machining assembly to be qualified. The approach used proved its efficiency in the end by presenting the optimal machining process drawing that explains the ordered phases needed to process the workpiece object of the case study.