‘Forced heirship’ in the United States of America, with particular reference to New York State

This chapter examines the most common aspects of the right of set-off in the United States, focusing on the State of New York. It also considers the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and its implications for the right of set-off. The chapter first considers contractual and statutory set-off outside bankruptcy proceedings and whether set-off can be considered a security interest before discussing set-off against insolvent parties. It explains how the right of set-off is affected by the automatic stay provision in section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code, the prohibition of creditor preferences, and fraudulent transfers. It also analyses choice of law issues arising in cross-border set-off, taking into account the relevant provisions of the New York State law and Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code. Finally, it reviews the applicable rules for non-U.S. parties participating in a debtor's plenary Bankruptcy Code proceeding in the absence of a Chapter 15 ancillary proceeding.

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Things Get Rolling

10.1093/med/9780197574430.003.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 43-58

Author(s):

Edward Shorter

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

United States ◽

New York ◽

Mental Hospital ◽

New York State ◽

The United States ◽

The State ◽

York State ◽

The World ◽

The University

The take-off of psychopharmacology in the mental-hospital world began in the vast asylum system of New York State in the early 1950s. Henry Brill ordered the state system to introduce chlorpromazine in 1955, which led to the first decrease in the census of the state asylum system in peacetime. Sidney Merlis and Herman Denber implemented chlorpromazine in their hospitals and, with Brill, began a series of publications on the drugs and their efficacy. Pharmacologist and psychiatrist Joel Elkes established the first department of experimental psychiatry in the world in 1951 at the University of Birmingham in England. Finally, the chapter examiunes the historical heft of the National Institute of Mental Health, which in 1953 opened the “intramural” (in-house) research program where much of the research in psychopharmacology done in the United States has occurred.

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The Epidemiology of bat rabies in New York State, 1988–92

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800068515 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 113 (3) ◽

pp. 501-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

J. E. Childs ◽

C. V. Trimarchi ◽

J. W. Krebs

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

New York State ◽

The United States ◽

Human Rabies ◽

York State ◽

Big Brown Bat ◽

Animal Contact ◽

Bat Rabies ◽

Human Rabies Case

SUMMARYIn 1993 New York and Texas each reported a human rabies case traced to a rare variant of rabies virus found in an uncommon species of bat. This study examined the epidemiology of bat rabies in New York State. Demographic, species, and animal-contact information for bats submitted for rabies testing from 1988–92 was analysed.The prevalence of rabies in 6810 bats was 4·6%. Nearly 90% of the 308 rabid bats identified to species were the common big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), which comprised 62% of all submissions. Only 25 submissions were silver-haired bats (Lasionycterus noctivagans), the species associated with the two 1993 human cases of rabies, and only two of these bats were positive. Rabies was most prevalent in female bats, in bats submitted because of human or animal contact, and in animals tested during September and October.These results highlight the unusual circumstances surrounding the recent human rabies cases in the United States. A species of bat rarely encountered by humans, and contributing little to the total rabies cases in bats, has been implicated in the majority of the indigenously acquired human rabies cases in the United States. The factors contributing to the transmission of this rare rabies variant remain unclear.

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