Impact of calcium nitrate supplementation on the oxygen-carrying capacity of lactating sows and their offspring

Abstract Calcium nitrate supplementation has recently been suggested to provide potential benefits to sows and, in particular, their offspring when administered at a level of 1,200 ppm in feed shortly before farrowing through lactation. More specifically, nitrate supplementation has been suggested as one opportunity for improved placental and/or fetal blood flow and has been hypothesized in previous work to be important to the swine industry in light of the global trend toward larger litter sizes. The benefit is likely manifested through exposure to the nitrate moiety, but interestingly, nitrate has historically been considered a compound of concern for swine. High levels of nitrate once metabolized to nitrite can interfere with the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin, resulting in increased methemoglobin and, subsequently, methemoglobinemia (MetHb) if the animal is deprived of significant amounts of oxygen; however, the level of nitrate exposure necessary to induce MetHb in sows is not clearly defined. This work was undertaken to examine methemoglobin levels in sows and piglets exposed to the potentially beneficial levels of 1,200 and 6,000 ppm nitrate added to their diets over the course of the periparturient period. Other oxygen capacity blood variables were evaluated (e.g., hemoglobin, hematocrit, and various measures of hemoglobin and red blood cell volumes and concentrations), as well as performance endpoints (weight changes and feed intake) and general observations over the 27-day period. No evidence of treatment-related toxicity manifestation was observed at these supplemental levels. Nearly all oxygen-related variables were affected by time (independent of treatment), indicating adaptive general effects of farrowing. These findings support the hypothesis that MetHb is not a concern up to at least 6,000 ppm supplemental nitrate exposure, even in combination with additional nitrate in the sow’s daily diet. This work is important to help swine producers understand that consideration of nitrate benefit should outweigh concern for risk of nitrate-induced toxicity.

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Hematological Aspects of the Thermoacclimatory Process in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f67-185 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 24 (11) ◽

pp. 2267-2281 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Mary Anne DeWilde ◽

A. H. Houston

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

General Problem ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Packed Cell Volume ◽

Salmo Gairdneri ◽

Blood Oxygen ◽

Hemoglobin Content ◽

Oxygen Capacity ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Oxygen Carrying Capacity

The blood oxygen capacity of the rainbow trout has been investigated as a function of thermal acclimation in terms of erythrocyte abundance, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentrations, and mean erythrocytic volume and hemoglobin content. Fish at the lower acclimation temperatures employed (3, 7 C) were characterized by relatively low erythrocyte counts, hematocrits, and hemoglobin levels. Mean erythrocyte volumes tended to be relatively high, whereas mean erythrocytic hemoglobin content was somewhat below that typical of the higher temperature groups. In general, animals held at intermediate temperatures (11, 14, 17 C) showed significant increases in oxygen-carrying capacity by comparison with cold-acclimated fish. Finally trout at 21 C typically had larger numbers of somewhat smaller red cells, more hemoglobin, and higher levels of hemoglobin per erythrocyte than either the low- or intermediate-temperature fish. Significant differences were observed between summer and fall–winter series of trout, particularly with respect to hemoglobin levels. The results are discussed in relation to the general problem of respiratory thermoadaptation.

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Layer-by-layer assembly of hemoglobin-coated microspheres for enhancing the oxygen carrying capacity

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c6ra05638e ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (65) ◽

pp. 59984-59987 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lijun Sun ◽

Yannan Lu ◽

Zhongqin Pan ◽

Tingting Wu ◽

Xiaojun Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carrying Capacity ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Layer By Layer Assembly ◽

Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽

Layer Assembly

Hemoglobin-coated microspheres with one layer and five layers were fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly.

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EVALUATION OF A STROMA-FREE HEMOGLOBIN SOLUTION FOR USE AS A PLASMA EXPANDER

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.126.6.1127 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 126 (6) ◽

pp. 1127-1142 ◽

Cited By ~ 214

Author(s):

S. Frederick Rabiner ◽

J. Raymond Helbert ◽

Harry Lopas ◽

Lila H. Friedman

Keyword(s):

Carrying Capacity ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Free Hemoglobin ◽

Hemoglobin Solution ◽

Plasma Expander ◽

Chronic Effects ◽

Coagulant Activity ◽

Methemoglobin Formation ◽

Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽

Acute And Chronic Effects

The preparation of large quantities of a stable, stroma-free hemoglobin solution without coagulant activity is described. Following infusion of this solution into phlebotomized dogs, there is no methemoglobin formation, no adverse effects on vital signs, and no demonstrable activation of blood coagulation. The hemoglobin maintains its oxygen-carrying capacity and liberates oxygen into tissues. Acute and chronic effects on renal function following infusion of this preparation were also studied and no effect on clearance of urea, creatinine, or P.A.H. could be demonstrated. There was no change in urinary output and histological sections revealed no lesions attributable to hemoglobin toxicity. It is concluded that a stroma-free hemoglobin solution may have use as a plasma expander.

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Oxygen carrying capacity of completely artificial red blood cell substitute : Liposome-embedded-heme

The Journal of the Japanese Association for Chest Surgery ◽

10.2995/jacsurg1987.4.6_676 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 676-680

Author(s):

Koichi Kobayashi ◽

Masazumi Watanabe ◽

Toshinori Hashizume ◽

Masabumi Kawamura ◽

Ryoichi Kato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Oxygen Carrying Capacity

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Transfusion restores blood viscosity and reinstates microvascular conditions from hemorrhagic shock independent of oxygen carrying capacity

Resuscitation ◽

10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.03.010 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 124-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Pedro Cabrales ◽

Marcos Intaglietta ◽

Amy G. Tsai

Keyword(s):

Hemorrhagic Shock ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Blood Viscosity ◽

Oxygen Carrying Capacity

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Variation during breeding in parameters that influence blood oxygen carrying capacity in shearwaters

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo00047 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 347 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Cristina Davey ◽

Alan Lill ◽

John Baldwin

Keyword(s):

Carrying Capacity ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Aerobic Metabolism ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Main Trend ◽

Breeding Cycle ◽

Blood Oxygen ◽

Pattern Of Variation ◽

Oxygen Carrying Capacity

Parameters that influence blood oxygen carrying capacity (whole-blood haemoglobin content, haematocrit and red blood cell count) were measured in samples of 30 breeding, adult short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) on Phillip Island, Victoria at seven key stages of their reproductive cycle. The aim of the investigation was to determine whether variation in blood oxygen carrying capacity during the birds’ 7-month breeding cycle was correlated with variation in the energy demands they experienced or was an incidental by-product of other physiological changes. All the blood parameters varied significantly during breeding, but the pattern of variation was only partly correlated with the likely pattern of changing energy demand imposed on parents by their schedule of breeding activities. The main trend conceivably related to energy demand was that significantly higher values were recorded for these blood parameters during the nestling stage than earlier in the breeding cycle. This could have reflected the high costs of the very long foraging trips undertaken by parents feeding nestlings, but it could also have occurred in preparation for the long migration undertaken soon after breeding finished. It involved an ~10% increase in blood oxygen carrying capacity above the lowest mean value recorded during the breeding cycle and so other mechanisms must also be employed to achieve the increase in aerobic metabolism likely to be required at this stage. The lack of adjustment of blood oxygen carrying capacity to energy demand early in the breeding cycle suggests that either oxygen delivery was not a rate-limiting process for aerobic metabolism at that time or that delivery was enhanced through other mechanisms. At egg laying, females had a lower haematocrit and erythrocyte count than males, which could be attributable to either estrogenic suppression of erythropoiesis or an increase in osmotic pressure of the blood associated with yolk synthesis. Immature, non-breeding birds attending the colony were of similar mass to adults, but did not show the increase in the parameters determining blood oxygen carrying capacity that occurred in adults later in the breeding cycle. Factors other than changing energy requirements (dehydration, burrow hypoxia and differential responsiveness to capture stress) that might have influenced the pattern of variation in blood oxygen carrying capacity of adults during breeding are discussed.

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Activity-related variation in blood parameters associated with oxygen transport and chronic stress in little penguins

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo07030 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 249 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Louise Mortimer ◽

Alan Lill

Keyword(s):

Chronic Stress ◽

Body Condition ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Condition Index ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Body Condition Index ◽

Stress Indicators ◽

Nutrient Demand ◽

Blood Haemoglobin ◽

Oxygen Carrying Capacity

Some birds facing energy ‘bottlenecks’ display elevated oxidative metabolism and oxygen delivery to tissues and could be particularly susceptible to chronic stress. We examined whether there was evidence for such trends in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) over the period from breeding to the post-moulting stage and particularly during the onshore moult-fast. Penguin parents contribute equally to incubation, brooding and brood provisioning. A few weeks post-breeding, adults undergo a protracted, terrestrial moult-fast and then make brief visits to the colony during the post-moulting stage. Provisioning nestling(s) and moulting could theoretically be particularly energetically and nutritionally demanding. We determined for adults whether mass, a body condition index and blood parameters influencing vascular oxygen carrying capacity (hematocrit, Hct; whole blood haemoglobin, Hb) and indicating chronic stress (leukocyte count, WBC; heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, H/L) varied from August to May in a manner reflecting likely variation in energy and nutrient demand. Female mass and body condition index decreased significantly between the incubation and guard stages, before returning to incubation levels between the guard and post-guard nestling stages. Both parameters declined to their lowest levels between the post-guard and moult stages, before increasing to levels comparable with those during nestling care between the moult and post-moult stages. Blood parameters in both sexes exhibited temporal variation similar to that in female mass and body condition index, declining to their lowest levels during moult and increasing after the moult to levels comparable with those during breeding. Results indicated that the period of most intense provisioning of nestlings was associated with a decrease in blood oxygen carrying capacity, but no pronounced change in chronic stress indicators. However, the penguin’s moult-fast involved a loss of female body condition and, in both sexes, a reduction in body mass, vascular oxygen carrying capacity and possibly specific immune competence. Thus, regulation of human disturbance in accessible little penguin colonies may be particularly important during moult.

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